Project "Artificial Gravity". Greetings from Tsiolkovsky: how artificial gravity is mastering space Creating gravity in space

The 1969 concept of the station, which was supposed to be assembled in orbit from the completed stages of the Apollo program. The station was supposed to rotate on its central axis to create artificial gravity

Why? Because if you want to go to another star system, you'll need to speed up your ship to get there, and then slow it down once you arrive. If you cannot protect yourself from these accelerations, disaster awaits you. For example, to accelerate to full momentum in Star Trek, to a few percent of the speed of light, one would have to experience an acceleration of 4000 g. This is 100 times the acceleration, which begins to impede blood flow in the body.

The launch of the space shuttle Columbia in 1992 showed that acceleration occurs over a long period. The acceleration of the spacecraft will be many times higher, and the human body will not be able to cope with it

Unless you want to be weightless during a long journey - so as not to subject yourself to terrible biological wear and tear like muscle and bone loss - there must be a constant force on the body. For any other force this is quite easy to do. In electromagnetism, for example, one could place a crew in a conductive cabin and many external electric fields would simply disappear. It would be possible to place two parallel plates inside and create a constant electric field that pushes charges in a certain direction.

If only gravity worked the same way.

There is simply no such thing as a gravitational conductor, nor is it possible to protect yourself from gravitational force. It is impossible to create a uniform gravitational field in a region of space, for example, between two plates. Why? Because unlike the electrical force generated by positive and negative charges, there is only one type of gravitational charge, and that is mass-energy. The gravitational force always attracts, and there is no escape from it. You can only use three types of acceleration - gravitational, linear and rotational.

The vast majority of quarks and leptons in the Universe consist of matter, but each of them also has antiparticles made of antimatter, the gravitational masses of which have not been determined

The only way that artificial gravity could be created that would protect you from the effects of your ship's acceleration and provide you with constant "downward" thrust without acceleration would be if you unlocked negative gravity mass particles. All the particles and antiparticles we have found so far have positive mass, but these masses are inertial, meaning they can only be judged when the particle is created or accelerated. Inertial mass and gravitational mass are the same for all particles we know, but we have never tested our idea on antimatter or antiparticles.

Currently, experiments are being carried out in this area. The ALPHA experiment at CERN has created antihydrogen: a stable form of neutral antimatter, and is working to isolate it from all other particles. If the experiment is sensitive enough, we will be able to measure how an antiparticle enters a gravitational field. If it falls down, like ordinary matter, then it has a positive gravitational mass and can be used to build a gravitational conductor. If it falls upward in a gravitational field, it changes everything. Just one result, and artificial gravity could suddenly become possible.

The possibility of obtaining artificial gravity is incredibly attractive to us, but is based on the existence of negative gravitational mass. may be such a mass, but we have not proven this yet

If antimatter has negative gravitational mass, then by creating a field of normal matter and a ceiling of antimatter, we could create an artificial gravity field that would always pull you down. By creating a gravitationally conductive shell in the form of the hull of our spacecraft, we would protect the crew from the forces of ultra-fast acceleration that would otherwise be lethal. And best of all, people in space would no longer experience the negative physiological effects that plague astronauts today. But until we find a particle with negative gravitational mass, artificial gravity will be obtained only due to acceleration.

You may laugh, but you don’t have to look far for an example of a universal magnet. This means we take a bright yellow, green or red plastic body from a ballpoint pen or felt-tip pen, vigorously rub it against a woolen cloth with a lavsan and bring it to small particles of a wide variety of solids. I must make a reservation right away: I was not able to find a substance whose particles would not be attracted to such a so-called electrified body. And here it is important to note that, for example, lead chips gravitate towards our handle much more strongly than copper, and much more strongly than aluminum. Hence the conclusion: the force of attraction of various simple substances in our experience is directly proportional to the atomic masses. This is a very important point. In addition, plant leaves and small living organisms gravitate towards the handle, for example, the well-known “bloodworm” used by fishermen as bait. Moreover, the “raspberry” crawls upside down along the body of the handle as if nothing had happened.

In fact, it is believed that the force of mutual gravity in this home experiment is directly proportional to the magnitude of opposite electric charges - the handle and the “experimental” bodies. However, all bodies in their normal state are electrically neutral. Therefore, it is not a matter of electricity.

Gravitational physics denies the existence of any electric charges in nature (By the way, this has already been proven - in 2010 - at the Large Hadron Collider). In it, all physical phenomena caused by the synchronicity of the motion of nuclear satellites in the atoms of the body and the addition of gravitational moments of a large number of synchronous and excited atoms are called magnetic, electromagnetic and electric only out of habit and for practical reasons. By rubbing the plastic body of the pen on a cloth, we temporarily obtain a relatively permanent polymer magnet with “polymagnetic” properties. In reality, through friction we excite and synchronize the atoms of various chemical elements that make up the body of the pen, and as a result we obtain several different permanent magnets in one complex substance.

Indeed, a permanent ferromagnet interacts strongly only with iron objects. In this case, the excited and synchronous atoms of the magnet excite and synchronize the same atoms of iron, for example, an iron nail, which at this time itself becomes a magnet. The magnet and the nail move towards each other by the total movement of their synchronous atoms, and not by the tension of lines of force or through some special “magnetic” field. The reason for the strong interaction between synchronous atoms of a magnet and a nail can be explained by the coincidence of the frequencies of gravitational moments of identical atoms of both. In short, it's all about frequency. And a “polymagnet” is a multi-frequency or “broadband” magnet. Even air molecules interact with such a magnet. This is often accompanied by crackling sounds and visible "electrical discharges" or "sparks".

And yet, the magnetic properties of a body do not depend on the amount of some special substance, but depend on the number of excited and synchronous atoms of the magnetized body. Therefore, any permanent magnet can be easily demagnetized. For example, if a fitting magnet removed from a furniture door holder is slightly heated on a gas stove and water is dropped on it, it will be completely demagnetized. But, if such a magnet is heated again and an active magnet is placed on it, it, cooling in such a “subordinate” position, will return or even improve all its “magic” properties. (This “gentle” method of demagnetizing and magnetizing permanent magnets, as well as several original methods of generating electricity, was also suggested to me by the gravitational theory of the atom.)

Now let’s imagine a polymer slab on the floor of the orbital station. In terms of the set of chemical elements and their quantitative ratio, the substance of the slab approximately corresponds to the presence of those in the human body. I am sure that if we manage to excite and synchronize the atoms in various groups of chemical elements of such a plate, a person will “magnetize” to it - just as the larva of a long-running mosquito, popularly called “bloodworm” or “raspberry,” jumped up and was attracted to the body of our pen.

It is possible to excite and synchronize all the atoms of the “universal magnet” only through what can be called “electric current in polymers.” Effective methods for producing strong “polymer currents” are still a mystery. Bye. However, if the copper wire in the rotor winding of a conventional current generator is replaced with a special polymer thread... then something might work out.

Here's a simple experiment. We bring an ordinary fittings magnet from below to the ebonite cup of the balanced lever scales. The balance of the scales is not disturbed. We explain this by the fact that magnets do not interact with insulators. We take scales with copper cups. The result of the experiment remains the same. And now, bringing the magnet to the cup, we begin to smoothly lower it. The scale cup - be it copper or ebonite - follows the moving magnet, as if glued. We replace the magnet with a dense object and with similar manipulations we do not observe the “sticking” of the scales to it. This is how simply we can observe the phenomenon of interaction of moving permanent magnets with various dense bodies. Question: what is the fundamental difference between gravitational interaction and electricity? magnetic?

Reviews

Victor, thank you, very informative article.
Just yesterday my little son himself came to the conclusion that our Earth, attracting smaller bodies (including us), acts like a huge magnet, so we don’t fly away from it. Plus the atmosphere also has its own considerable weight. And the greater the mass of the planet, the stronger the attraction.
Indeed, on the scale of space, gravity acts like an electromagnetic field on a smaller scale, only its intensity depends primarily on the mass of bodies, and not on the atomic masses of substances during electromagnetic interaction. But in both cases, the intensity of attraction also depends on the distance between the bodies.
Thank you and good luck!
Sincerely,

Even a person who is not interested in space has at least once seen a film about space travel or read about such things in books. In almost all such works, people walk around the ship, sleep normally, and do not have problems eating. This means that these - fictional - ships have artificial gravity. Most viewers perceive this as something completely natural, but this is not at all the case.

Artificial gravity

This is the name for changing (in any direction) the gravity that is familiar to us through the use of various methods. And this is done not only in science fiction works, but also in very real earthly situations, most often for experiments.

In theory, creating artificial gravity doesn't look that difficult. For example, it can be recreated using inertia, or more precisely, the need for this force did not arise yesterday - it happened immediately, as soon as a person began to dream of long-term space flights. Creating artificial gravity in space will make it possible to avoid many of the problems that arise during prolonged periods of weightlessness. Astronauts' muscles weaken and bones become less strong. Traveling in such conditions for months can cause atrophy of some muscles.

Thus, today the creation of artificial gravity is a task of paramount importance; without this skill it is simply impossible.

Materiel

Even those who know physics only at the school curriculum level understand that gravity is one of the fundamental laws of our world: all bodies interact with each other, experiencing mutual attraction/repulsion. The larger the body, the higher its gravitational force.

The Earth for our reality is a very massive object. That is why all the bodies around her, without exception, are attracted to her.

For us, this means, which is usually measured in g, equal to 9.8 meters per square second. This means that if we had no support under our feet, we would fall at a speed that increases by 9.8 meters every second.

Thus, only thanks to gravity we are able to stand, fall, eat and drink normally, understand where is up and where is down. If gravity disappears, we will find ourselves in weightlessness.

Cosmonauts who find themselves in space in a state of soaring—free fall—are especially familiar with this phenomenon.

Theoretically, scientists know how to create artificial gravity. There are several methods.

Large mass

The most logical option is to make it so large that artificial gravity appears on it. You will be able to feel comfortable on the ship, since orientation in space will not be lost.

Unfortunately, this method is unrealistic with modern technology development. To build such an object requires too many resources. In addition, lifting it would require an incredible amount of energy.

Acceleration

It would seem that if you want to achieve a g equal to that on Earth, you just need to give the ship a flat (platform-like) shape and make it move perpendicular to the plane with the required acceleration. In this way, artificial gravity will be obtained, and ideal gravity at that.

However, in reality everything is much more complicated.

First of all, it is worth considering the fuel issue. In order for the station to constantly accelerate, it is necessary to have an uninterruptible power supply. Even if an engine suddenly appears that does not eject matter, the law of conservation of energy will remain in force.

The second problem is the very idea of ​​constant acceleration. According to our knowledge and physical laws, it is impossible to accelerate indefinitely.

In addition, such a vehicle is not suitable for research missions, since it must constantly accelerate - fly. He will not be able to stop to study the planet, he will not even be able to fly around it slowly - he must accelerate.

Thus, it becomes clear that such artificial gravity is not yet available to us.

Carousel

Everyone knows how the rotation of a carousel affects the body. Therefore, an artificial gravity device based on this principle seems to be the most realistic.

Everything that is within the diameter of the carousel tends to fall out of it at a speed approximately equal to the speed of rotation. It turns out that the bodies are acted upon by a force directed along the radius of the rotating object. It's very similar to gravity.

So, a ship with a cylindrical shape is required. At the same time, it must rotate around its axis. By the way, artificial gravity on a spaceship, created according to this principle, is often demonstrated in science fiction films.

A barrel-shaped ship, rotating around its longitudinal axis, creates a centrifugal force, the direction of which corresponds to the radius of the object. To calculate the resulting acceleration, you need to divide the force by the mass.

In this formula, the result of the calculation is acceleration, the first variable is the nodal speed (measured in radians per second), the second is the radius.

According to this, to obtain the g we are accustomed to, it is necessary to correctly combine the radius of space transport.

A similar problem is highlighted in films such as Intersolah, Babylon 5, 2001: A Space Odyssey and the like. In all these cases, artificial gravity is close to the earth's acceleration due to gravity.

No matter how good the idea is, it is quite difficult to implement it.

Problems with the carousel method

The most obvious problem is highlighted in A Space Odyssey. The radius of the “space carrier” is about 8 meters. In order to get an acceleration of 9.8, the rotation must occur at a speed of approximately 10.5 revolutions every minute.

At these values, the “Coriolis effect” appears, which consists in the fact that different forces act at different distances from the floor. It directly depends on the angular velocity.

It turns out that artificial gravity will be created in space, but rotating the body too quickly will lead to problems with the inner ear. This, in turn, causes balance disorders, problems with the vestibular apparatus and other - similar - difficulties.

The emergence of this obstacle suggests that such a model is extremely unsuccessful.

You can try to go from the opposite, as they did in the novel “The Ring World”. Here the ship is made in the shape of a ring, the radius of which is close to the radius of our orbit (about 150 million km). At this size, its rotation speed is sufficient to ignore the Coriolis effect.

One might assume that the problem has been solved, but this is not the case at all. The fact is that a full revolution of this structure around its axis takes 9 days. This suggests that the loads will be too great. In order for the structure to withstand them, a very strong material is needed, which we do not have at our disposal today. In addition, the problem is the amount of material and the construction process itself.

In games of similar themes, as in the film “Babylon 5”, these problems are somehow solved: the rotation speed is quite sufficient, the Coriolis effect is not significant, hypothetically it is possible to create such a ship.

However, even such worlds have a drawback. Its name is angular momentum.

The ship, rotating around its axis, turns into a huge gyroscope. As you know, it is extremely difficult to force a gyroscope to deviate from its axis due to the fact that it is important that its quantity does not leave the system. This means that it will be very difficult to give direction to this object. However, this problem can be solved.

Solution

Artificial gravity on the space station becomes available when the O'Neill Cylinder comes to the rescue. To create this design, identical cylindrical ships are needed, which are connected along the axis. They should rotate in different directions. The result of such an assembly is zero angular momentum, so there should be no difficulty in giving the ship the required direction.

If it is possible to make a ship with a radius of about 500 meters, then it will work exactly as it should. At the same time, artificial gravity in space will be quite comfortable and suitable for long flights on ships or research stations.

Space Engineers

The creators of the game know how to create artificial gravity. However, in this fantasy world, gravity is not the mutual attraction of bodies, but a linear force designed to accelerate objects in a given direction. The attraction here is not absolute; it changes when the source is redirected.

Artificial gravity on the space station is created by using a special generator. It is uniform and equidirectional in the range of the generator. So, in the real world, if you got under a ship that had a generator installed, you would be pulled towards the hull. However, in the game the hero will fall until he leaves the perimeter of the device.

Today, artificial gravity in space created by such a device is inaccessible to humanity. However, even gray-haired developers do not stop dreaming about it.

Spherical generator

This is a more realistic equipment option. When installed, gravity is directed towards the generator. This makes it possible to create a station whose gravity will be equal to the planetary one.

Centrifuge

Today, artificial gravity on Earth is found in various devices. They are based, for the most part, on inertia, since this force is felt by us in a similar way to gravitational influence - the body does not distinguish what cause causes acceleration. As an example: a person going up in an elevator experiences the influence of inertia. Through the eyes of a physicist: the rise of the elevator adds the acceleration of the cabin to the acceleration of free fall. When the cabin returns to measured movement, the “gain” in weight disappears, returning the usual sensations.

Scientists have long been interested in artificial gravity. A centrifuge is most often used for these purposes. This method is suitable not only for spacecraft, but also for ground stations where it is necessary to study the effects of gravity on the human body.

Study on Earth, apply in...

Although the study of gravity began in space, it is a very terrestrial science. Even today, advances in this area have found their application, for example, in medicine. Knowing whether it is possible to create artificial gravity on a planet, it can be used to treat problems with the musculoskeletal system or the nervous system. Moreover, the study of this force is carried out primarily on Earth. This makes it possible for astronauts to conduct experiments while remaining under the close attention of doctors. Artificial gravity in space is another matter; there are no people there who can help the astronauts in the event of an unforeseen situation.

Bearing in mind complete weightlessness, one cannot take into account a satellite located in low-Earth orbit. These objects, albeit to a small extent, are affected by gravity. The force of gravity generated in such cases is called microgravity. Real gravity is experienced only in a vehicle flying at a constant speed in outer space. However, the human body does not feel this difference.

You can experience weightlessness during a long jump (before the canopy opens) or during a parabolic descent of the aircraft. Such experiments are often carried out in the USA, but on an airplane this sensation lasts only 40 seconds - this is too short for a full study.

In the USSR, back in 1973, they knew whether it was possible to create artificial gravity. And they not only created it, but also changed it in some way. A striking example of an artificial reduction in gravity is dry immersion, immersion. To achieve the desired effect, you need to place a thick film on the surface of the water. The person is placed on top of it. Under the weight of the body, the body sinks under water, leaving only the head at the top. This model demonstrates the support-free, low-gravity environment that characterizes the ocean.

There is no need to go into space to experience the opposite force of weightlessness - hypergravity. When a spacecraft takes off and lands in a centrifuge, the overload can not only be felt, but also studied.

Gravity treatment

Gravitational physics also studies the effects of weightlessness on the human body, trying to minimize the consequences. However, a large number of achievements of this science can also be useful to ordinary inhabitants of the planet.

Doctors place great hopes on research into the behavior of muscle enzymes in myopathy. This is a serious disease leading to early death.

During active physical exercise, a large volume of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase enters the blood of a healthy person. The reason for this phenomenon is unclear; perhaps the load acts on the cell membrane in such a way that it becomes “holey.” Patients with myopathy get the same effect without exercise. Observations of astronauts show that in weightlessness the flow of active enzyme into the blood is significantly reduced. This discovery suggests that the use of immersion will reduce the negative impact of factors leading to myopathy. Experiments on animals are currently being carried out.

Treatment of some diseases is already carried out using data obtained from the study of gravity, including artificial gravity. For example, treatment of cerebral palsy, strokes, and Parkinson's is carried out through the use of stress suits. Research into the positive effects of the support, the pneumatic shoe, has almost been completed.

Will we fly to Mars?

The latest achievements of astronauts give hope for the reality of the project. There is experience in providing medical support to a person during a long stay away from Earth. Research flights to the Moon, where the gravitational force is 6 times less than our own, have also brought a lot of benefits. Now astronauts and scientists are setting themselves a new goal - Mars.

Before queuing up for a ticket to the Red Planet, you should know what awaits the body already at the first stage of work - on the way. On average, the road to the desert planet will take a year and a half - about 500 days. Along the way you will have to rely only on your own strength; there is simply nowhere to wait for help.

Many factors will undermine your strength: stress, radiation, lack of a magnetic field. The most important test for the body is a change in gravity. During the journey, a person will become “acquainted” with several levels of gravity. First of all, these are overloads during takeoff. Then - weightlessness during the flight. After this - hypogravity at the destination, since the gravity on Mars is less than 40% of the Earth's.

How do you cope with the negative effects of weightlessness on a long flight? It is hoped that developments in the field of artificial gravity will help solve this issue in the near future. Experiments on rats traveling on Cosmos 936 show that this technique does not solve all problems.

OS experience has shown that the use of training complexes that can determine the required load for each astronaut individually can bring much greater benefits to the body.

For now, it is believed that not only researchers will fly to Mars, but also tourists who want to establish a colony on the Red Planet. For them, at least for the first time, the sensations of being in weightlessness will outweigh all the arguments of doctors about the dangers of prolonged stay in such conditions. However, in a few weeks they will also need help, which is why it is so important to be able to find a way to create artificial gravity on the spaceship.

Results

What conclusions can be drawn about the creation of artificial gravity in space?

Among all the options currently being considered, the rotating structure looks the most realistic. However, with the current understanding of physical laws, this is impossible, since the ship is not a hollow cylinder. There are overlaps inside that interfere with the implementation of ideas.

In addition, the radius of the ship must be so large that the Coriolis effect does not have a significant effect.

To control something like this, you need the O'Neill cylinder mentioned above, which will give you the ability to control the ship. In this case, the chances of using such a design for interplanetary flights while providing the crew with a comfortable level of gravity are increased.

Before humanity succeeds in making its dreams come true, I would like to see a little more realism and even more knowledge of the laws of physics in science fiction works.

Long-term space flights, the exploration of other planets, what science fiction writers Isaac Asimov, Stanislav Lem, Alexander Belyaev and others previously wrote about, will become a completely possible reality thanks to knowledge. Since by recreating the earth's level of gravity, we will be able to avoid the negative consequences of microgravity (weightlessness) for humans (muscle atrophy, sensory, motor and autonomic disorders). That is, almost anyone who wants to can go to space, regardless of the physical characteristics of their body. At the same time, your stay on board the spacecraft will become more comfortable. People will be able to use existing devices and facilities that are familiar to them (for example, a shower, a toilet).

On Earth, the level of gravity is determined by the acceleration of gravity, on average equal to 9.81 m/s 2 (“overload” 1 g), while in space, in conditions of weightlessness, approximately 10 -6 g. K.E. Tsiolkovsky cited analogies between the sensation of body weight when immersed in water or lying in bed with the state of weightlessness in space.

“The earth is the cradle of the mind, but you cannot live forever in the cradle.”
“The world should be even simpler.”
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Interestingly, for gravitational biology, the ability to create different gravitational conditions will be a real breakthrough. It will be possible to study: how the structure, functions at the micro and macro levels change, patterns under gravitational influences of different magnitudes and directions. These discoveries, in turn, will help develop a fairly new direction - gravitational therapy. The possibility and effectiveness of using changes in gravity (increased compared to Earth's) for treatment is being considered. We feel an increase in gravity, as if the body has become a little heavier. Today, research is being conducted on the use of gravity therapy for hypertension, as well as for the restoration of bone tissue in fractures.

(artificial gravity) in most cases are based on the principle of equivalence of the forces of inertia and gravity. The principle of equivalence says that we feel approximately the same acceleration of movement without distinguishing the cause that caused it: gravity or inertial forces. In the first version, acceleration occurs due to the influence of the gravitational field, in the second, due to the acceleration of the movement of the non-inertial reference system (a system that moves with acceleration) in which the person is located. For example, a similar effect of inertial forces is experienced by a person in an elevator (non-inertial frame of reference) during a sharp rise up (with acceleration, a feeling as if the body has become heavier for a few seconds) or braking (the feeling that the floor is moving away from under one’s feet). From the point of view of physics: when the elevator rises upward, the acceleration of the movement of the cabin is added to the acceleration of free fall in a non-inertial system. When uniform movement is restored, the “gain” in weight disappears, that is, the usual feeling of body weight returns.

Today, like almost 50 years ago, centrifuges are used to create artificial gravity (centrifugal acceleration is used when rotating space systems). Simply put, during the rotation of the space station around its axis, centrifugal acceleration will occur, which will “push” a person away from the center of rotation and as a result, the astronaut or other objects will be able to be on the “floor”. To better understand this process and what difficulties scientists face, let's look at the formula that determines the centrifugal force when rotating a centrifuge:

F=m*v 2 *r, where m is mass, v is linear speed, r is distance from the center of rotation.

Linear speed is equal to: v=2π*rT, where T is the number of revolutions per second, π ≈3.14…

That is, the faster the spacecraft rotates, and the farther from the center the astronaut is, the stronger the artificial gravity created will be.

Having carefully looked at the figure, we can notice that with a small radius, the force of gravity for a person’s head and legs will be significantly different, which in turn will make movement difficult.

When the astronaut moves in the direction of rotation, the Coriolis force arises. In this case, there is a high probability that the person will constantly get motion sickness. This can be circumvented if the ship rotates at a rotation frequency of 2 revolutions per minute, which creates an artificial gravity force of 1g (as on Earth). But the radius will be 224 meters (approximately ¼ kilometer, this distance is similar to the height of a 95-story building or the length of two large redwood trees). That is, theoretically it is possible to build an orbital station or a spacecraft of this size. But in practice, this requires significant expenditure of resources, effort and time, which, in the context of approaching global cataclysms (see report ) more humanely direct to real help to those in need.

Due to the impossibility of recreating the required level of gravity for a person on an orbital station or spacecraft, scientists decided to study the possibility of “lowering the set bar,” that is, creating a gravity force less than that on Earth. Which suggests that over half a century of research it has not been possible to obtain satisfactory results. This is not surprising since in experiments they strive to create conditions under which the force of inertia or others would have an effect similar to the effect of gravity on Earth. That is, it turns out that artificial gravity, in fact, is not gravity.

Today in science there are only theories about what gravity is, most of which are based on the theory of relativity. Moreover, not one of them is complete (does not explain the course, the results of any experiments under any conditions, and besides, sometimes it is not consistent with other physical theories confirmed experimentally). There is no clear knowledge and understanding: what gravity is, how gravity is related to space and time, what particles it consists of and what their properties are. Answers to these and many other questions can be found by comparing the information presented in the book “Ezoosmos” by A. Novykh and the report PRIMORDIAL ALLATRA PHYSICS. offers a completely new approach that is based on basic knowledge of the primary principles of physics fundamental particles, patterns of their interaction. That is, based on a deep understanding of the essence of the gravitation process and, as a consequence, the possibility of accurate calculations for recreating any values ​​of gravitational conditions both in space and on Earth (gravitational therapy), predicting the results of conceivable and inconceivable experiments carried out by both man and nature.

PRIMORDIAL ALLATRA PHYSICS is much more than just physics. It opens up possible solutions to problems of any complexity. But most importantly, thanks to knowledge of the processes occurring at the level of particles and real actions, each person can understand the meaning of his life, understand how the system works and gain practical experience in contact with the spiritual world. To realize the globality and primacy of the Spiritual, to get out of the framework/template limitations of consciousness, beyond the limits of the system, to find True Freedom.

“As they say, when you have universal keys in your hands (knowledge about the basics of elementary particles), you can open any door (of the micro- and macroworld).”

“Under such conditions, a qualitatively new transition of civilization into the mainstream of spiritual self-development, large-scale scientific knowledge of the world and oneself is possible.”

“Everything that oppresses a person in this world, from obsessive thoughts, aggressive emotions and ending with the stereotyped desires of an egoistic consumer this is the result of a person’s choice in favor of the septon field‒ a material intelligent system that routinely exploits humanity. But if a person follows the choice of his spiritual beginning, then he acquires immortality. And there is no religion in this, but there is knowledge of physics, its primordial foundations.”

Elena Fedorova

You may not be interested in space, but you've probably read about it in books, seen in films and games. In most works, as a rule, gravity is present - we do not pay attention to it and take it for granted. Except that's not true.

Massive ones attract stronger, smaller ones weaker.

Materiel

The Earth is just such a massive object. Therefore, people, animals, buildings, trees, blades of grass, a smartphone or a computer - everything is attracted to the Earth. We are used to this and never think about such a small thing.

The main effect of the Earth's gravity on us is the acceleration due to gravity, also known as g. It is equal to 9.8 m/s². Any body in the absence of support will equally accelerate towards the center of the Earth, gaining 9.8 meters of speed every second.

Thanks to this effect, we stand straight on our feet, distinguish between “up” and “down,” drop things, and so on. Take away the Earth's gravity, and all usual actions will be turned upside down.

This is best known to astronauts who spend a significant part of their lives on the ISS. They relearn how to drink, walk, and cope with basic needs.

Here are some examples.

At the same time, in the mentioned films, TV series, games and other science fiction, gravity on spaceships “simply exists.” The creators don’t even explain where it came from - and if they do, it’s unconvincing. Some kind of “gravity generators”, the operating principle of which is unknown. This is no different from “it just is” - it’s better not to explain at all in this case. It's more honest.

Theoretical models of artificial gravity

There are several ways to create artificial gravity.

Lots of mass

The first (and most “correct”) option is to enlarge the ship, make it very massive. Then gravitational interaction will provide the required effect.

But the unreality of this method is obvious: such a ship requires a lot of matter. And something needs to be done about the uniform distribution of the gravitational field.

Constant acceleration

Since we need to achieve a constant gravitational acceleration of 9.8 m/s², why not make the spacecraft in the form of a platform that will accelerate perpendicular to its plane with this same g?

This way the desired effect will be achieved - but there are several problems.

First, you need to get fuel from somewhere to ensure constant acceleration. And even if someone suddenly comes up with an engine that does not require the emission of matter, the law of conservation of energy will not disappear anywhere.

Secondly, the problem lies in the very nature of constant acceleration. Our physical laws say: you cannot accelerate forever. The theory of relativity says the opposite.

Even if the ship periodically changes direction, to provide artificial gravity it must constantly fly somewhere. No hanging near planets. If the ship stops, gravity will disappear.

So this option does not suit us either.

Carousel carousel

And here is where the fun begins. Everyone knows how the carousel works - and what effects a person experiences in it.

Everything that is on it tends to jump out in proportion to the speed of rotation. From the side of the carousel, it turns out that everything is affected by a force directed along the radius. Quite a “gravity” thing.

So we need a barrel-shaped ship that will rotate around its longitudinal axis. Such options are quite common in science fiction.

When rotating around an axis, a centrifugal force is generated directed along the radius. Dividing the force by the mass, we get the desired acceleration.

All this is calculated using a simple formula:

A=ω²R,

where a is the acceleration, R is the radius of rotation, and ω is the angular velocity measured in radians per second (a radian is approximately 57.3 degrees).

What do we need for a normal life on an imaginary space cruiser? A combination of the ship's radius and angular velocity, whose derivative will ultimately give 9.8 m/s².

We have seen something similar in a number of works: “2001: A Space Odyssey” by Stanley Kubrick, the series “Babylon 5”, “Interstellar” by Nolan, the novel “Ringworld” by Larry Niven, the universe of the Halo games.

In all of them, the acceleration of gravity is approximately equal to g - everything is logical. However, these models also have problems.

Carousel problems

The most obvious problem is perhaps easiest to explain using the example of A Space Odyssey. The radius of the ship is approximately 8 meters - to achieve an acceleration equal to g, an angular velocity of approximately 1.1 rad/s is required. This is approximately 10.5 revolutions per minute.

With such parameters, the “Coriolis effect” comes into force - at different “heights” from the floor, different forces act on moving bodies. And it depends on the angular velocity.

So in our virtual design we can't rotate the ship too fast because it will cause sudden falls and vestibular problems. And taking into account the acceleration formula, we cannot afford a small radius of the ship.

Therefore, the “Space Odyssey” model is no longer necessary. The problem is roughly the same with the ships in Interstellar, although there everything is not so obvious with the numbers.

The second problem is on the other side of the spectrum. In Larry Niven's novel Ringworld, the ship is a giant ring with a radius approximately equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit (1 AU ≈ 149 million km). Thus, it rotates at a quite satisfactory speed so that a person does not notice the Coriolis effect.

It would seem that everything fits together, but there is a problem here too. One revolution will take 9 days, which will create huge overloads with such a ring diameter. This requires very strong material. At the moment, humanity cannot produce such a strong structure - not to mention the fact that somewhere you need to take so much matter and still build everything.

In the case of Halo or Babylon 5, all the previous problems seem to be absent: the rotation speed is sufficient for the Coriolis effect to not have a negative impact, and it is possible to build such a ship (hypothetically).

But these worlds also have their drawbacks. Its name is angular momentum.

By spinning the ship around its axis, we turn it into a giant gyroscope. And it is difficult to deflect the gyroscope from its axis due to the angular momentum, the amount of which must be conserved in the system. This means that it will be difficult to fly somewhere in a certain direction. But this problem can be solved.

It should be

This solution is called the “O’Neill cylinder”: we take two identical cylinder ships, connected along an axis and each rotating in its own direction. As a result, we have zero total angular momentum, and there should be no problems with directing the ship in the right direction.

With a ship radius of 500 meters or more (as in Babylon 5), everything should work as it should.

Bottom line

What conclusions can we draw about the implementation of artificial gravity in spacecraft?

Of all the options, the most realistic one is the rotating structure, in which the “downward” force is provided by centripetal acceleration. It is impossible to create artificial gravity on a ship with flat parallel structures like decks, given our modern understanding of the laws of physics.

The radius of the rotating ship must be sufficient for the Coriolis effect to be negligible for humans. Good examples from fictional worlds are the already mentioned Halo and Babylon 5.

To control such ships, you need to build an O’Neill cylinder - two “barrels” rotating in different directions to ensure zero total angular momentum for the system. This will allow adequate control of the spacecraft - a very realistic recipe for providing astronauts with comfortable gravitational conditions.

And until we can build something like this, I would like science fiction writers to pay more attention to physical realism in their works.