The relationship between type of temperament and type of character. Differential Psychology

Basic work data

Template version 2.1 Branch of Smolensk State Technical University of Civil Aviation Work course work Course title Discipline of general psychology ThemeSpecific character and temperament manifestationName of the studentLisitsyaName of the studentAnnaPathic student's name Vladimir

Introduction

"Temperament" and "character" - these concepts initially contain a complex internal dialectic. We use them to define the human individuality - that which distinguishes this person from all others, which makes him unique. At the same time, we foresee the features common to other people in this uniqueness; otherwise, any classification, and the very use of these concepts, would lose its meaning. What exactly features, sides, qualities, features of a person are reflected in each of these concepts? The words “temperament”, “character are used by us constantly and everywhere, they are necessary and fulfill their role. In everyday communication, each of them has a rather definite meaning, and mutual understanding is achieved with their help.

1. The essence of the concept of "character"

The concept of "character."

Literally translated from the Greek, character means chasing, imprint. In psychology, character means the totality of individually-peculiar mental properties that manifest themselves in a person under typical conditions and are expressed in the ways in which he is active in such conditions.

Character is an individual combination of the essential properties of the personality, expressing the attitude of a person to reality and manifested in his behavior, in his actions. Character is interconnected with other aspects of the personality, in particular with temperament and abilities. Temperament on the form of manifestation of character, peculiarly coloring some of its features. Thus, perseverance among choleric persons is expressed in vigorous activity, and in phlegmatic - in concentrated thinking. Choleric works energetically, passionately, phlegmatic - methodically, slowly. On the other hand, the temperament itself is restructured under the influence of character: a person with a strong character can suppress some negative aspects of his temperament, control its manifestations. With the character is inextricably linked and ability. A high level of abilities is associated with such character traits as collectivism - a feeling of inseparable connection with the team, a desire to work for its benefit, faith in one's strength and capabilities, combined with constant dissatisfaction with one’s achievements, high exactingness towards oneself, and ability to be critical of one’s work. The flourishing of abilities is connected with the ability to persistently overcome difficulties, not to lose heart under the influence of failures, to work in an organized way, to take initiative.

The connection of character and abilities is also expressed in the fact that the formation of such character traits as diligence, initiative, determination, organization, perseverance, occurs in the same child's activity, in which his abilities are also formed.

For example, in the process of labor as one of the main activities, the ability to work develops, on the one hand, and on the other, diligence as a character trait.

Character is a lifetime education and can transform throughout life. Formation of character is closely connected with the thoughts, feelings and motivations of a person. Therefore, as a certain way of life of a person is formed, his character is also formed. Consequently, lifestyle, social conditions and specific life circumstances play an important role in shaping character.

Formation of character occurs in various groups in their characteristics and level of development (family, friendly company, sports team, work collective, etc.). Depending on which group is referent for the person and what values ​​this group supports and cultivates, the person’s character traits develop. Under character traits understand the mental properties of a person that determine his behavior in typical circumstances. For example, courage or cowardice manifest themselves in a danger situation, sociability or isolation in a communication situation, etc. There are quite a few classifications of character traits. In the domestic psychological literature most often there are two approaches. In one case, all character traits are associated with mental processes and, therefore, distinguish volitional, emotional and intellectual traits. At the same time, volitional character traits include: decisiveness; perseverance; composure; independence; activity; organization

To emotional traits include: impetuosity and impressionability; fervor and inertness; indifference and responsiveness.

Intellectual traits include: thoughtfulness; ingenuity; resourcefulness; curiosity.

In another case, the character traits are considered in accordance with the orientation of the individual.

Moreover, the content of the orientation of the individual manifests itself in relation to people, activities, the outside world and himself. For example, the attitude of a person to the world around can manifest itself either in the presence of certain beliefs, or in lack of principle. This category of features characterizes the life orientation of the individual, i.e. her material and spiritual needs, interests, beliefs, ideals, etc. The focus of the individual determines the goals, life plans of a person, the degree of his life activity. In the formed character the leading component is the belief system. Conviction determines the long-term focus of human behavior, his inflexibility in achieving goals, confidence in the justice and the importance of the work that he performs.

Another group of even characters are those that characterize the attitude of a person to an activity. This means not only the attitude of a person to a specific type of work, but also activity in general. The main condition for the formation of character - the presence of life goals. A characterless person is characterized by the absence or dispersion of goals.

Character traits associated with the attitude to the activities are also expressed in the sustainable interests of the person.

Moreover, the superficiality and instability of interests are often associated with great imitativeness, with a lack of autonomy and integrity of a person’s personality. And vice versa, the depth and meaningfulness of interests testifies to the purposefulness, perseverance of the individual. However, the similarity of interests does not imply the similarity of features of character. So, among people with close interests there can be cheerful and sad, modest and obsessive, selfish and altruistic. Moreover, people with a similar focus can go in completely different ways to achieve their goals, using their own, special techniques and methods. This dissimilarity determines the specific character of the personality, which manifests itself in the situation of the choice of actions or ways of behavior.

From this point of view, an individual’s motivation to achieve — his need for success — can be considered as a character trait. Depending on this, some people have a choice of actions that ensure success (initiative, competitive activity, risk appetite, etc.), while others are more characteristic of simply wanting to avoid failures (deviation from risk and responsibility, manifestations of activity, initiative, etc.).

Indicative for understanding the nature can also be affection and the interests of a person associated with his leisure. They reveal new features, facets of character. For example, L.N. Tolstoy was fond of playing chess, I.P. Pavlov - playing in towns, D.I. Mendeleev - reading adventure novels.

Another manifestation of a person’s character is his attitude towards people. At the same time, such character traits as: honesty; truthfulness; justice; sociability; politeness; sensitivity; responsiveness.

No less significant is the group of character traits that determine a person’s attitude to himself. From this point of view, people most often talk about selfishness or altruism of a person. The egoist always puts personal interests above the interests of other people. The altruist puts the interests of others above his own.

All personality traits can be divided into motivational and instrumental. Motivational stimulate and direct activity, and instrumental give it a certain style. Character can manifest itself in the choice of the purpose of the action, i.e. as a motivational personality trait. However, when the goal is defined, the character appears more in its instrumental role, i.e. determines the means of achieving the goal.

It is also necessary to emphasize that character is one of the main manifestations of personality. Therefore, personality traits may well be considered as character traits.

To the number of such features, first of all, it is necessary to attribute those personality traits that determine the choice of activity objectives (more or less difficult). Here, as certain characterological traits, rationality, prudence or their opposite qualities may appear. Secondly, the structure of character includes traits that manifest themselves in actions aimed at achieving the goals set: perseverance, dedication, consistency, etc. In this case, the character moves closer to the will of the person. Third, the character includes instrumental traits directly related to temperament. For example, extraversion - introversion, calm - anxiety, restraint - impulsiveness, switchability - rigidity, etc.

From what has been said it is clear that character is not inherited and is not an innate property of a person, and is also not a permanent and unchanging property. The character is formed and developed under the influence of the environment, the person’s life experience, his upbringing.

These influences are, firstly, a socio-historical character (each person lives in a certain historical system, a certain social environment and develops as a person under their influence) and, secondly, an individual-specific character (the living conditions and activities of each person , his way of life is unique and unique). Therefore, the character of each person is determined both by his social being (and this is the main thing!) And his individual being. The result is an endless variety of individual characters. However, in the life and activities of people living and developing in the same conditions, there is much in common, therefore, in their nature there will be some common aspects and features that reflect common, typical aspects of their life. The character of each person is a unity of the individual and the typical. Each socio-historical epoch is characterized by a certain general way of life and socio-economic relations that influence the worldview of people, forming character traits.

Character development in the age aspect.

Character has its age dynamics, which is expressed in the peculiarity of its formation and manifestation at different age stages.

Basic personality traits begin to take shape in early childhood - these are fundamental personality traits. The prerequisites for their design are formed in the period of the child’s life when he is not yet fluent in speech. The main personal qualities depend on the biologically determined properties of the organism (properties nervous system, state of health, physical development), conditions of child care, meeting the needs of the child in nutrition, movements, caress, new impressions. Such personal qualities include extraversion and introversion, anxiety and trust, emotionality and sociability, neuroticity and balance, etc. These qualities are formed and fixed in the child before school age   under the influence of many factors: genotype and environment, consciousness and the unconscious, imitation and other factors.

In the preschool period, the character is formed in a specific activity: in the game, in work, in mastering the everyday rules. The presence of rules in the game brings the child self-control. Responsibility for their actions, purposefulness, initiative, arbitrariness of movements. In work, the child learns to be independent, accurate, disciplined, hardworking. The assimilation of everyday rules contributes to the formation of organization, a sense of duty, conscientious attitude to their duties. A child at this age is curious, emotional, impressionable, sociable.

At primary school age, learning activities will lead the child. Consequently, the character is formed mainly in the educational process. The peculiarity of the child is the trust in adults, obedience and imitation of them, obedience and sense of duty. There is an assimilation of conscious control and volitional regulation of activity, the cultivation of conscious discipline, endurance.

On the basis of the experience gained in educational and gaming activities in the early school years, the prerequisites for motivating success are formed.

The transition to adolescence is characterized by changes in the physiology of the organism, in the relationship of the adolescent with adults and peers, in the level of development of cognitive processes, intelligence and abilities. During this period, social attitudes, attitudes towards themselves, towards people, and towards society are formed. Of paramount importance is the problem of self-knowledge, self-expression and self-affirmation. In adolescents, there is a growing desire to be like elders, to be independent, it requires treating oneself as an adult. Consciousness and motivation of interests in which the character of a teenager is manifested increases. This period is characterized by emotionality, determination, activity, lack of endurance and self-control in behavior, perseverance in achieving the goal, increased excitability.

In the period of early adolescence, the character acquires greater stability, but at times at this age, violent and contradictory character may manifest itself in behavior. Young men and women have increased self-confidence, increased interest in other people.

Compared with adolescence, in the period of early adolescence, the severity of interpersonal conflicts and negativity decreases, physical and emotional well-being improves, and contact and sociability increase. There is a stabilization of life, restraint in behavior. Sensitivity, impulsiveness, tendency to categorical judgments and insufficiently thought-out actions, quick and frequent change of moods, a heightened feeling of loneliness are characteristic of this age.

Young men and women are concerned with the problems of good and evil, justice and lawlessness, decency and ignorance and other universal values. They try to know themselves better, to make their own choices.

Early adolescence - the initial period of the formation of social, cultural, religious, political, economic and other human positions. But in early adolescence the process of personality formation is not completed yet, it continues actively and further, but already outside the school. Although much of what a person acquires during his school years remains with him for the rest of his life and largely determines his fate.

The character is formed in the process of activity and communication of the child with other people. The diverse activities of a person, the content and the type of his communication with others form his personality traits. The nature of the child already in the early years is determined by the type of nervous system, and on the basis of this, habits of behavior are formed. In various activities of the child, various character traits are practiced and developed.

Approaches to the study of character

Typology of character.

The problem of studying the individual nature of an adult lies in the sphere of interests of various areas of psychological science. The complexity, multidimensionality of the phenomenon of this problem determines the interdisciplinarity of its study.

Concept character   - one of the most sought-after and controversial in modern psychology. In broad practice, it is used to describe the persistent specific manifestations of individuality: lifestyle, repetitive habits, preferences, motives, as well as to designate the constitutional and other externally expressed distinctive features of an individual, features of speech, behavior.

According to literary sources, the character reflects such properties of the subject as a type of thinking, ethical, aesthetic stereotypes specific to a given individual.

The character reflects the uniqueness and originality of the individual experience of man, and at the same time he himself is experiencing a strong influence from his natural organization. It is no coincidence, therefore, that the question of the functional boundaries, the content of the notion “character”, the structural components of character, its relationship with other intraindividual (internal biological) mental formations of man still remains open.

The main problems in the study of character, developed from the standpoint of various psychological approaches, are associated with the disclosure of its nature, content, structure, definition of properties and functions.

Another set of issues is no less important - the search, definition and justification of measured parameters of character. Despite the diversity of theoretical and methodological approaches, the problem of measuring an individual character is normally acute and modern.

It is also relevant to identify the “place” of the character itself in the structure of individuality, its conjugation with other intra-individual substructures. The task of studying the formal-dynamic character determination as a higher (with respect to temperament) level of generalization of mental properties in the structure of individuality is put for the first time.

Accentuation of character by K. Leonhardo

The concept of "accentuation" was introduced into psychology by K. Leonhard. His concept of "accentuated personalities" was based on the assumption of the presence of basic and additional personality traits. The main features are much smaller, but they are the core of the personality, determine its development, adaptation and mental health. With significant severity of the main features, they leave an imprint on the person as a whole, and under adverse circumstances, they can destroy the entire structure of the personality.

According to Leonhard, personality accentuation is primarily manifested in communication with other people. Therefore, evaluating the styles of communication, we can distinguish certain types of accentuations. The classification proposed by Leonhard includes the following types (Appendix A).

Classification of character types by E. Fromm

Here is another interesting attempt to present a typology of characters, based on the attitude of a person towards life, society and moral values. She was brought out by E. Fromm and designated as a social typology of characters. “The social character,” the author writes, “contains ... a selection of traits, an essential core of the structure of the character of the majority of group members, which was formed as a result of the basic experience and way of life common to this group.” Social character determines the thinking, emotions and actions of individuals belonging to a given society. The various classes and groups of people that exist in society have their own social character. On its basis, certain social, national, and cultural ideas develop and take effect. However, these ideas are in themselves passive and can become real forces only when they meet special human needs.

Summarizing the observations of the social behavior of various people, correlating them with the practice of working in the clinic (E. Fromm was a psychiatrist of Freudian orientation), the author of the typology of characters presented the following basic types (Appendix B).

The concept of V.M. Rusalova One of the modern and quite widely used concepts of temperament is the theory developed under the guidance of V.M. Rusalov in the laboratory of psychology and psychophysiology of individuality of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The researchers formulated the following criteria for temperament:

independence from the content, motive and purpose of behavior (style aspect of behavior);

the dynamic (energy) aspect of the process of human interaction with the external and internal world (the objective world, other people, oneself);

universality and consistency of manifestation in all spheres of activity and life activity;

early manifestation in childhood;

stability over a long period of human life;

high correlation with the general properties of the nervous system and the properties of other biological subsystems (humoral, bodily, etc.);

heritability

According to Rusalov, temperament is a special psychobiological category, covering the generalized formal - dynamic aspects of all human behavior.

The developed approach allows us to resolve the dispute about whether temperament is an independent entity or not, how to relate to each other temperament, intelligence, character and personality.

First, temperament is one of the independent, independent basal and stable dynamic formations of the psyche.

Secondly, temperament and character are not identical, since their formal-dynamic characteristics have different aspects of generalization, as well as a different ratio of “substantial” properties of the psyche.

Thirdly, the temperament is not identical to the individual, since the latter represents, first of all, a system of value-semantic relations of a person. However, the inclusion of temperament in the structure of personality allows a deeper understanding of those psychological mechanisms that are responsible for the formation and functioning of the personal qualities of the individual.

Temperament, in the framework of this approach, is a combination of such mental traits, characteristics and properties of a person, which arose as a result of generalizing the dynamic, formal, stylistic characteristics of the psyche under the influence of stable individual biological determinants.

From this it follows that the development of temperament occurs for two reasons: 1) after biological age-related development and 2) as a result of socially organized types of activity replacing each other (play, study, work, etc.), i.e. in the process of education and training. The existence in the human psyche of stable generalized dynamic-energy characteristics that are formed in activity based on biological factors, i.e. temperament, allows a person to optimally spend their energodynamic potencies.

A certain individual level of energodynamic possibilities set by nature (a certain level of exchange or activity of the hormonal sphere, features nervous processes   etc.), constantly engaging in activities regardless of motives, goals, etc., inevitably leads to a generalization of certain mental, in this case, temperamental, characteristics that act as regulators of a person's spending of his energy-dynamic capabilities. Thus, the characteristics of temperament do not so much introduce various shades into the activity, as they set boundaries, protect the organism from extremely large or, on the contrary, extremely small expenditure of energy. The survival of the human body in the first case will be threatened due to the enormous exhaustion, and in the second due to the weak, passive assimilation by the subject of the objective world.

This is where the adaptive, adaptive role of temperament is part of this approach.

Temperament is a dynamic characteristic of mental activity and is associated with such characteristics as tempo, speed, intensity, strength, etc.

Temperament is based on the characteristics of human physiology and in this sense it is among the innate characteristics of a person. Currently, there is no consensus on the physiological basis of temperament.

As a result of observing the dynamic manifestations of people, descriptions of four types of temperament were formed: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. Each of these types is more adequate to a particular situation, so that it is impossible to evaluate them from the point of view of “bad - good”.

Temperament is closely connected with other personality manifestations of a person (character, abilities, etc.), speaking as their dynamic basis.

Based on the analysis of the main results obtained in various schools, it can be concluded that in most cases researchers include dynamic, stylistic and energetic characteristics of behavior in the composition of temperamental properties.

The idea of ​​the hereditary conditionality of temperament, its relative stability, unity, integrity of manifestations in the temperament of biological and psychological qualities of a person is generally recognized.

Nobody except V.M. Rusalov et al., From the authors considered in the chapter, does not raise the question of a theoretical model of temperament based on modern ideas about the human biological organization and, above all, the nervous system, from which a given number of basic temperament scales can be derived.

Most of the temperament properties studied are, as a rule, descriptive. The number of properties does not follow from a certain theoretical model, but is determined by the peculiarities of the factor processing of the initial characteristics of temperament.

Factor theories of temperament say nothing about the development of temperament properties, about the influence of some properties on others, about their role and place in the structure of personality and individuality.

The main archetypes by K.G. Jung Ego - is the center of consciousness and one of the main archetypes of personality. The ego provides a sense of constancy and direction in our conscious life. It opposes the violation of the fragile integrity of consciousness and tries to convince us that we must always consciously plan and analyze our experience.

A person. Our person is an external manifestation of what we present to the world. This is a character that we consider acceptable; through him we interact with others. Personality includes our social roles, the clothes we wear, and our individual ways of expressing ourselves. The term persona came from Latin, meaning “mask”, or “fake face”. The mask was worn by actors in ancient Rome. In order to socially function, we play a role using tricks inherent in precisely this role. Even when we cannot adapt to anything, our roles continue to work. These are roles expressing a failure.

Shadow is an archetypal form consisting of material suppressed by consciousness; its content includes those tendencies, desires, memories and experiences that are cut off by a person as incompatible with a person and contrary to social standards and ideals. The shadow contains all the negative trends that a person wants to reject, including animal instincts, as well as undeveloped positive and negative traits.

Anima and animus. Jung considered it obvious that part of the person is a kind of unconscious structure, and called it the anima of a man and the animus of women. This basic psychic structure serves as the focal point of all psychological material that does not accord with how a person realizes that he is a man or a woman. Thus, as far as a woman consciously imagines herself within the boundaries of what is characteristic of women, so much her animus will include those unknown trends and experiences that she considers peculiar to men.

The self is the most important and difficult to understand archetype. Jung called the self the main archetype, the archetype of the psychological system and the integrity of the individual. The self is the archetype of centering. This is the unity of consciousness and the unconscious, which embodies the harmony and balance of various opposing elements of the psyche. The self determines the functioning of the whole psyche by the method of integration. According to Jung, “consciousness and the unconscious are not necessarily opposed to each other, they complement each other to integrity, which is self.” Jung discovered the archetype of the self only after his studies of other personality structures.

Instructions: “We offer you to answer a number of questions. Answer only “yes” or “no” with a plus sign in the appropriate box, without hesitation, immediately, since your first reaction is important. Keep in mind that some personality traits, not mental ones, are being investigated, so there are no right or wrong answers. ”

Do you often experience new impressions, to “shake up”, to experience arousal?

Do you often need friends who understand you, can encourage or comfort?

Are you a careless person?

Do you find it very difficult for you to say no?

Do you think before you do something?

If you promise to do something, do you always keep your promises (regardless of whether it is convenient for you or not)?

Do you often have ups and downs?

Usually you act and speak quickly, without hesitation?

Do you often feel like an unhappy person without good reason?

Would you do almost anything to argue?

Do you have a feeling of timidity and a sense of shame when you want to start a conversation with a pretty stranger?

Do you sometimes get out of yourself, are you angry?

Do you often act under the influence of a minute mood?

Do you often worry about what you have done or said something that you shouldn’t do or say?

Do you usually prefer books to meeting people?

Is it easy to offend you?

Do you like to be in the company often?

Do you sometimes have thoughts that you would like to hide from others?

Is it true that you are sometimes full of energy so that everything is burning in your hands, and sometimes completely sluggish?

Do you prefer to have fewer friends, but especially close to you?

Do you often dream?

When they shout at you, do you answer the same?

Do you often feel guilty?

Are all your habits good and desirable?

Are you able to give free rein to your feelings and with might and main to have fun in the company?

Do you consider yourself a person excitable and sensitive?

Do you find a person alive and fun?

Do you often feel that you could make it better by doing an important thing?

Are you more silent when you are in the company of other people?

Do you sometimes gossip?

Does it ever happen that you can't sleep because different thoughts creep into your head?

If you want to know about something, then you prefer to read about it in a book, rather than ask?

Do you have a heartbeat?

Do you like work that requires constant attention from you?

Do you have bouts of trembling?

Would you always pay for transporting baggage if you were not afraid of checking?

Do you feel uncomfortable being in a society where they make fun of each other?

Are you annoying?

Do you like work that requires quick action?

Do you worry about any unpleasant events that could happen?

Do you walk slowly and slowly?

Have you ever been late for a date or work?

Do you often have nightmares?

Is it true that you love to talk so that you never miss a chance to talk with a stranger?

Do any pains bother you?

Would you feel very unhappy if you had not been widely communicated with people for a long time?

Can you call yourself a nervous man?

Are there people among your acquaintances that you clearly do not like?

Can you say that you are a very confident person?

Do you take offense easily when people point out your mistakes at work or your personal mistakes?

Do you think it's hard to get real pleasure from the party?

Are you worried that you are worse than others?

Is it easy for you to bring animation to a rather boring company?

Do you ever talk about things you don’t understand?

Are you worried about your health?

Do you like to poke fun at others?

Do you suffer from insomnia?

The relationship of character and temperament.

Considering that both temperament and character as properties of a person’s personality do not remain neutral with respect to his behavior and activities, it is logical to ask about their relationship. Do they reflect identical aspects of personality? Does it make sense to introduce both of these personality traits into consideration? Answers to these questions revealed several different views.

There is no difference between these personality traits. It is not surprising that, reading the literature on psychology, the authors of which are Western psychologists (for example, E. Kretschmer, G. Aysenck), one can see the equal use of the terms "temperament" and "character".

Temperament and character reflect different personality traits, but coexist among themselves on a conflict basis. Personality is a field of struggle between them. The character tries to play the role of a director regarding temperament. Moreover, an individual whose victory in the struggle is on the side of character has better personal qualities (N. Levitov).

Temperament is an innate basis for the formation and development of character (for example, B. Ananiev, L. Vygotsky, V. Rusalov, and others).

Temperament is included in the character as a component.

Character is a symbiosis of innate and acquired human characteristics that hide their “author's contribution” to concrete actions. In support of this position, E. Ilyin stresses that temper may be the result of choleric temperament and poor education. However, honesty and politeness can be manifested with any type of temperament, although in a different manner.

And yet, with all the diversity of views, it is possible to determine what is common in which the majority of domestic psychologists agree.

Character is formed on the basis of temperament, since the latter is an earlier personal property, conditioned genetically. However, it would be wrong to say that this process is unambiguous. Character is a “ungrateful child”: fed by temperament, he not only often does not obey him, but even strives to control him. It’s not always that a choleric person releases his emotions. It also happens that the character remains forever in the service of temperament, he is led by and not allowed to "first role". In this case, the person is spoken of as an immature person, whose intellect is in the "service" of physiology.

The content of character is due to two opposite sides of a person’s lifestyle: his active work and his complete inactivity. Competing among themselves, they find support in the form of personality traits. In this regard, individuals with the same temperament may have different sets of features. The social environment of a person has a decisive influence on the formation of his character and practically leaves unchanged the properties of temperament.

Character determines the content of human behavior and activities, temperament - only their style, style, dynamics.

The type of temperament is due to its properties and is not subject to evaluation on the “good - bad” scale, but the character is a combination of personality traits, some of which can be negative, others positive (kindness - anger, reserved - quick-tempered)

Disagreements on the relationship of temperament and character can be attributed to the "growing pains" of psychology. Currently, there is an intensive search for the psychological structure of the personality.

Psychologists lead this search in different ways, based on different ideas about the mechanisms of the psyche. There is no doubt that in the future their paths will converge and the general movement will continue in one direction. This is how any scientific knowledge is formed.

3 Formation of character and the concept of temperament

As noted, the character is formed, developed and changed in the practical activities of man, reflects the conditions and way of life.

Formation of character begins in early childhood. Already in preschool age, the first outlines of character are outlined, the habitual way of behavior, a certain relationship to reality begins to take shape.

Manifestations of collectivism, perseverance, endurance, courage in preschool age are formed primarily in the game, especially in collective plot games with rules.

Of great importance are the simplest types of work available to preschoolers. Carrying out some simple duties, the child learns to respect and love work, to feel responsibility for the assigned work. Under the influence of the requirements of parents and educators, their personal example, the child gradually develops concepts of what is possible and what is impossible, and this begins to determine his behavior, lays the foundation for a sense of duty, discipline, endurance; the child learns to evaluate his own behavior.

With entering the school, a new stage of character formation begins. For the first time, a child is confronted with a number of strict rules and school duties, which determine all his behavior in school, at home, in public places.

These rules, responsibilities, develop a schoolchild organization, systematic, purposefulness, perseverance, accuracy, discipline, hard work. An extremely important role in the formation of character is played by the school team. At school, the child enters into a new relationship with his teachers, in the relationship of the community and mutual assistance with his comrades. He develops a sense of duty and responsibility to the staff of his class, school, camaraderie, teamwork.

Especially intensively develop character traits in adolescents. The teenager, to a much greater extent than the younger schoolchild, participates in the life of adults, has higher demands on him. A teenager in his educational and social activities is already much more beginning to be guided by the motives of public order - a sense of duty and responsibility to the collective, a desire to support the honor of the school and class.

The decisive influence on the nature of the child has education. There are no children whose character could not be re-educated, and which could not be grafted with certain positive qualities, eliminating even the negative traits already ingrained in them.

What are the ways of character education? A necessary condition for the education of character is the formation of worldview, belief, and ideals.

Worldview is determined by the direction of a person, his life goals, aspirations, moral attitudes that guide people in their actions follow from the worldview. The task of forming a worldview, belief should be solved in unity with the education of certain forms of behavior in which the system of a person’s relationship to reality could be embodied. Therefore, in order to foster socially valuable character traits, such an organization of a child’s play, study, and labor activity is necessary, in which he could gain experience of correct behavior.

In the process of character formation, it is necessary to fix not only a certain form of behavior, but also the corresponding motive of this behavior, but also the corresponding motive of this behavior, put the children in such conditions that their practical activities correspond to their ideological education, so that they put into practice the assimilable principles of behavior. If the conditions in which the child lived and acted did not require from him, for example, display of restraint or initiative, then the corresponding character traits would not be worked out for him, no matter how lofty moral ideas he verbalized him.

You can not bring up a courageous man, if you do not put him in such conditions, when he could and should have shown courage. Education, eliminating all the difficulties in the life of a child, can never create a strong character.

The most important means of character education is labor. In a serious and socially significant work connected with overcoming difficulties, the best character traits are brought up - dedication, collectivism, perseverance. The most important condition proper organization   educational activities - close coordination of educational work of the school with the relevant influences of the family.

On education character influence literature and art. Images of literary heroes and their behavior often serve as a kind of student for the student with whom he compares his behavior.

The personal example of an educator, whether parents or teachers, also influences character education. What caregivers do often affects the child’s life much more, something they tell him. How a teacher relates to work, how he follows social norms of behavior, whether he owns himself and his feelings, what his work style is — all of this is of paramount importance for educating the character of children.

An important role in the formation of character is played by the living word of the teacher, the educator, with whom he addresses the child.

A significant place is occupied, in particular, by ethical, or moral, conversations. Their goal is to form correct moral ideas and concepts in children. For older students, one of the ways of character formation is self-education. However, in younger schoolchildren, the teacher must foster a desire to get rid of certain shortcomings, undesirable habits, and develop useful habits. Especially important is the need for an individual approach in the education of character.

An individual approach requires the selection and implementation of such educational activities that would correspond to the peculiarities of the student’s personality and the state in which he is currently located.

It is absolutely necessary to take into account the motives of actions, since differences in the motives determine the differences in educational activities that must be carried out by the teacher in response to a student’s action. An individual approach requires reliance on the positive things that each child already has in his area of ​​interest, attitude towards people, particular types of activity, etc. Fully developing the already existing valuable features, encouraging positive actions, the teacher can more easily achieve the overcoming of negative character traits in children.

In order to cultivate the character of the student taking into account his individual characteristics, it is necessary to know them well, that is, to fully and thoroughly study the individuality of the student. Learning a child is a relatively long process. Only a good knowledge of the student will allow to identify individual measures for his further education or re-education and lead to the desired results.

When meeting pupils for the first time at the very beginning of their first year of study, the teacher should carefully observe them, talk to parents about the conditions and some features of the child’s development, about the manifestations of his character. On the basis of observations and conversations, it is necessary to draw up a specific program for shaping the character of the child, taking into account his individual characteristics.

The concept of temperament.

Temperament (from the Latin. Temperamentum - correlation, mixing of parts, proportion) is a complex of psychodynamic properties of an individual, manifested in the features of his mental activity - intensity, speed and pace of mental reactions, emotional vitality.

Temperament - the natural tendency of the individual to a certain style of behavior. It shows the individual's sensitivity to external influences, his emotional behavior, impulsivity or restraint, sociability or isolation, ease or difficulty. social adaptation.

Psychodynamic peculiarities of human behavior are due to the peculiarities of his higher nervous activity. I.P. Pavlov identified three main properties of the nervous processes - strength, balance and mobility. Their various combinations form four types of higher nervous activity underlying the four temperaments.

The name of temperaments was first introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (460-377 BC), who linked the types of temperaments with the prevalence in the human body of various fluids: blood (sanguis) in sanguine, yellow bile (chole) in choleric, mucus (phlegm) - in phlegmatic and black bile (melayna chole) - in melancholic.

The combination of the properties of nervous activity, integrating into temperament, determines a number of mental characteristics of the individual:

The speed and intensity of mental processes, mental activity, muscular-motor expressivity.

Primary subordination of behavior to external impressions (extraversion) or predominantly its subordination to the inner world of a person, his feelings, and ideas (introversion).

Plasticity, adaptability to changing external conditions, the mobility of stereotypes, their flexibility or rigidity.

Sensitivity, sensitivity, susceptibility, emotional excitability, strength of emotions, their stability. Levels of anxiety and tension are associated with emotional stability.

In certain types of temperament, there is a "mixing" of the considered qualities in individual proportions.

As already noted, there are four main types of temperament: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic.

Sanguine temperament. I.P. Pavlov gives the following characteristic of the peculiarities of the sanguine temperament: “A sanguine person is a hot, very productive person, but only when he has a lot of interesting work, that is, constant arousal. When there is no such thing, he becomes dull, lethargic. ”

Sanguine differs easy adaptability to changing conditions of life, increased contact with others, sociability. Sanguine feelings easily arise and quickly change, his stereotypes are quite mobile, conditioned reflexes are quickly fixed.

In the new environment, he does not feel constrained, is able to quickly shift attention and activity, is emotionally stable. People with a sanguine temperament are best suited for activities that require quick reactions, considerable effort, and attention distribution.

Choleric temperament. “Choleric type, - notes I.P. Pavlov - this is clearly a combat type, perky, easily and soon annoyed. “Being carried away by some business, he too relies heavily on his own means and forces and, in the end, breaks, exhausts himself more than he should, he is working to the extent that he is unbearable.”

For choleric people are characterized by increased emotional reactivity, fast pace and sharpness in movements; The increased excitability of choleric under adverse conditions can be the basis of a hot temper and even aggressiveness.

With appropriate motivation choleric able to overcome considerable difficulties, surrendering to the cause with great passion. It is characterized by a sharp change of mood. The person with a choleric temperament achieves the greatest performance in activities requiring increased reactivity and a significant one-time exertion of forces.

Phlegmatic temperament. "The phlegmatic person is a calm, always even, persistent and persistent worker of life." Phlegmatic reactions are somewhat slower, the mood is steady. The emotional sphere is outwardly expressed little. In difficult life situations   the phlegmatic person remains fairly calm and restrained; he does not allow impulsive, impulsive movements, since the processes of inhibition in him always balance the processes of excitation. Correctly counting his strength, the phlegmatic person shows great perseverance in bringing the matter to the end. Switching attention and activity he has a little slow. His stereotypes are not mobile and in some cases are not flexible enough. Phlegmatic achieves the greatest success in those activities that require a uniform tension of forces, perseverance, sustained attention and great patience.

character sanguine choleric temperament

Conclusion

In a person with a developed character, temperament ceases to be an independent form of personality manifestation, but becomes its dynamic side, consisting in a certain emotional orientation of character properties, a certain speed of mental processes and personality manifestations, a certain characteristic of expressive movements and personality actions. Here it should be noted the influence exerted on the formation of character by a dynamic stereotype, i.e. a system of conditioned reflexes that form in response to a persistently repeated system of stimuli. The formation of dynamic stereotypes in a person in different recurring situations affects his attitude to the situation, as a result of which the excitation, inhibition, mobility of nervous processes, and, consequently, the overall functional state of the nervous system can change. It is also necessary to note the role in the formation of dynamic stereotypes and the decisive role in the formation of dynamic stereotypes of the second signal system through which social influences take place. The traits of temperament and character are organically connected and interact with each other in a holistic uniform image of a person, forming an inseparable fusion - an integral characteristic of his individuality.

Glossary

No. p / p Concept the phenomena of her own subjective world. 4. Instrumental personality traits Determines the means of achieving the set goal 5. Motivational traits of personal Sustainability and activity direction 6. Motivation is a set of psychological reasons explaining a person’s behavior, his beginning, direction and activity. 7. The temperature-stable unification of individual personality traits associated with dynamic, rather than meaningful aspects of activity. Tests Special tasks for identifying the abilities of the subjects 9. Exercising individual trait (see Theory characteristic features), characterized in the case of extraversion by orientation to the outside world, sociability and impulsiveness 10. Characteristics, properties and inclinations of a person, defining typical ways of his thinking and behavior.

List of used sources

1.Gippenreiter Yu.B. Introduction to general psychology. M., "Yurayt" 2002.

.Lichko A.E. Psychopathy and character accentuation in adolescents. L., "Phoenix" 2000.

.Maklakov A. General Psychology. Textbook for universities. SPb., “Peter” 2003. Series - “Textbook of new time”.

.Pavlov I.P. Twenty years of experience in objective study of the higher nervous activity (behavior) of animals. M., 1951.

.Pavlov I.P. Pavlov's environments. T. 2. M.-L., 1949.

.Uznadze D.N. General psychology. SPb., "Peter" 2004.

.Fedotov A.Yu. Introduction to general psychology. 2007

.Fedotov A.Yu. Mental personality traits: temperament, character, abilities. 2008

.Electronic encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. 2007

.Rusalov V.M., Manolova O.N. Questionnaire character traits of an adult person (EGN - B). - M., 2003.

.Rogov E.I. General psychology: Course of lectures. - M .: VLADOS, 1995, 448с.

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Content
Introduction 3

1. 
   Temperament. Types of temperament 4
   1. 
      Sanguine 6
   2. 
      Choleric 7
   3. 
      Phlegmatic 8
   4. 
      Melancholic 9
2. 
   Main temperament properties 10
3. 
   Character 12
4. 
   Traits 14
5. 
   The ratio of character and temperament 16

References 19

Appendix 1 20

Introduction
We owe the diversity of human behavior in various life situations to a peculiar combination of various substructures of our personality: emotions, will, character, intellect, relationships, motives, etc. (3.367)

Against the background of human physical and mental characteristics of each person is noticeably distinguished characteristic

The individual characteristics of a person are best manifested in temperament, character and abilities, in cognitive, emotional-volitional activities, needs and interests. Features of their manifestation depend on the upbringing of the child. (2.305)

The success of a person in family life, interpersonal relationships, professional activity directly depends not only on his intellect, but also on his character. He plays an important role in the processes of harmonization of personality, its spiritual growth.

It reflects the level of moral and ethical self-development of a person and his art of living. Characterology has long been distinguished as an important subdiscipline of psychology. Her problems have expanded to the nature of age, gender, people, social character. Despite this, the theoretical understanding of this phenomenon has evolved and is difficult, many questions remain open, there are contradictions. (3.379-380)

1. 
   Temperament. Types of temperament

Human activity and behavior are not only conditioned

Temperament (from lat. - mix in proper ratios, heat, cool, slow down, lead) characterizes the dynamic side of a person's mental reactions - their pace, speed, rhythm, intensity. (2.306)

Temperament is one of the most studied psychological categories. The history of the study of temperament has more than 2.5 thousand years. The term “temperament” was introduced into scientific use by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (460–377 BC). Translated from the Latin "temperament" means "proper ratio of parts." (3.368)

Temperament - a set of individual characteristics of a person, characterizing the dynamic and emotional side of his activity and behavior. According to B.M. Heat, temperament characterizes the dynamics of mental processes, emotional

excitability and general mobility of the individual. Temperament is a formal-dynamic component of human behavior, which manifests itself in the pace of mental reactions, the general activity of interaction with the outside world and the emotional attitude to its process and result. Temperament does not determine the meaningful characteristics of behavior. On the basis of one temperament, both “great” and “insignificant” persons are possible. (1.195)

The basis of understanding temperament is the teaching of I.P. Pavlova on the types of the nervous system and higher nervous activity. The classification of types was based on three properties of the nervous system: strength, balance and mobility. The combination of these properties allowed us to distinguish four types of the nervous system. (See Appendix 1) (1.196)

Temperament is the most common property of personality, which makes it possible to distinguish one person from another. It determines the dynamic characteristics of the psyche and human behavior. Some people are calm, restrained and cool. Mental phenomena they occur slowly and gradually, persist for a long time and almost do not change. Outwardly, they are balanced and slow, their movements, speech, gestures and facial expressions are little expressive and calm. In other people, mental processes and states arise quickly, almost instantly, rapidly flow and quickly disappear. Their movements are impulsive, their speech is passionate, their expressions are expressive and diverse. They are agile and restless, impatient and noisy. Moreover, all these dynamic features of the psyche and behavior are typical for certain categories of people. Thus, temperament is such individual-typological personality traits that determine the dynamics of the flow of mental activity and behavior of different groups of people. (4.198)

In modern psychology, Hippocratic

Hippocrates developed the theory that temperament is determined by the ratio, the proportion of four fluids in the body: blood, mucus, bile, and black bile. The predominance of blood corresponds to the sanguine temperament (sanguis - blood (Latin), mucus - phlegmatic (phlegm - mucus (Greek), bile - choleric (chole - bile (Greek), black bile - melancholic (melan chole - black bile (Greek .). (3.368)

1. 
   Sanguine

Sanguine is characterized by great activity and mobility, perseverance and vigor, high plasticity and impressionability. Mental processes and conditions in a sanguine person arise very quickly, but also quickly disappear, they are little stable and mobile. Feelings arise quickly, but persist briefly, the mood, as a rule, is good, rarely discouraged, little touchy, calmly refers to failures. He easily converges with people, willingly undertakes any living thing, but also cools quickly, if it ceases to interest him, is always cheerful and sociable, prone to wit, very mobile, speech is fast and dynamic, often accompanied by gesticulation. (4.198-199)

Sanguine man easily controls his emotions, quickly mastered the new environment, actively comes into contact with people. His speech is loud, fast, distinct and accompanied by expressive facial expressions and gestures. But this temperament is characterized by some duality. If the stimuli change rapidly, the novelty and interest of impressions are maintained all the time, the sanguine person creates a state of active arousal and he manifests himself as an active, active, energetic person. If the effects are long and monotonous, then they do not support the state of activity, excitement, and the sanguine person loses interest in the work, he becomes indifferent, boredom, lethargy. A sanguine person quickly has feelings of joy, grief, affection, and ill will, but all these manifestations of his feelings are unstable, do not differ in duration and depth. They quickly arise and can just as quickly disappear or even be replaced by the opposite. The sanguine mood changes rapidly, but as a rule, a good mood prevails. (5.181)

1. 
   Choleric

The choleric type of temperament is manifested on the basis of a strong unbalanced type of nervous activity. Vigor, passion, lack of restraint, sharpness and impetuousness are explained by the imbalance of the processes of arousal and inhibition in choleric individuals. (4.203)

People of this temperament are fast, excessively mobile, unbalanced, excitable, all mental processes occur quickly, intensively. The predominance of excitement over inhibition, characteristic of this type of nervous activity, is clearly manifested in incontinence, impetuousness, temper, irritability of choleric individuals. From here and expressive mimicry, hasty speech, sharp gestures, unrestrained movements. The feelings of a person of choleric temperament are strong, usually vividly manifested, quickly occur; mood sometimes changes dramatically. The imbalance inherent in choleric, has a bright effect in his activities: he takes up the case with increase and even passion, showing impetuousness and speed of movements, works with recovery, overcoming difficulties. (5.182)

Feelings arise quickly and reach a large force, rapidly flow and disappear soon. Under the influence of feelings, it is strongly excited, but it quickly cools, the mood changes all the time, is very upset by offense, gets upset in case of failure, is prone to aggressiveness, and often loses self-control. (4.199)

In communicating with people, a choleric person admits harshness, irritability, and emotional lack of restraint, which often prevents him from objectively assessing people's actions, and on this basis he creates conflict situations in a team. Excessive straightforwardness, temper, sharpness, intolerance sometimes make it difficult and unpleasant to be in a team of such people. (5.182)

1. 
   Phlegmatic person

The phlegmatic person is distinguished by composure and endurance, slowness and calmness, inertia and weak adaptability, perseverance and perseverance, calmness and self-control. Feelings arise slowly, are not intense enough, but are stable, the mood is always even, does not get upset when unsuccessful, reacts weakly to resentment. Attention arises slowly, but is very stable, switching occurs gradually, the distribution is good, rarely distracted, good noise immunity. The phlegmatic person is cold-blooded, immobile, unhurried, calm, balanced, able to overcome any obstacles and bring the matter to the end. (4.199)

The man of this temperament is slow, calm, unhurried, balanced. In the activity shows thoroughness, thoughtfulness, perseverance. He, as a rule, brings the begun to the end. All mental processes in phlegmatic proceed as if slowly. Phlegmatic feelings are weakly expressed, they are usually inexpressive. The reason for this is the balance and weak mobility of the nervous processes. In relations with people, the phlegmatic person is always even, calm, moderately sociable, his mood is steady. The calmness of a phlegmatic temperament is manifested in his attitude to events and phenomena of life: phlegmatic is not easy to ruffle and hurt emotionally. In a person of phlegmatic temperament, it is easy to work out endurance, composure, calmness. But the phlegmatic should develop the qualities he lacks - greater mobility, activity, not to allow him to show indifference to activity, lethargy, inertness, which can very easily be formed in certain conditions. Sometimes a person of this temperament may develop an indifferent attitude to work, to the surrounding life, to people and even to himself. (5.181)

1. 
   Melancholic

Melancholic is characterized by slowness and lethargy, high sensitivity and impressionability, responsiveness and vulnerability, anxiety and suspiciousness. Feelings arise slowly, but are very stable, feelings are depressive, the mood is often depressing, it is very upset by offense, when it fails it becomes very upset, outwardly feelings are little expressed and everything that is experienced remains inside. Attention does not appear immediately, switches slowly, the distribution is not always complete, stability is small, easily tired and distracted. (4.199-200)

In melancholic mental processes slowly proceed, they hardly react to strong stimuli; prolonged and severe tension in people of this temperament causes slowed down activity, and then its cessation. In their work, melancholic people are usually passive, often of little interest (after all, interest is always associated with strong nervous tension). The feelings and emotional states of people of melancholic temperament arise slowly, but differ in depth, great strength and duration; melancholic, vulnerable, hard to bear the offense, grief, although outwardly all these experiences are expressed weakly. Representatives of the melancholic temperament are prone to isolation and loneliness, avoid contact with unfamiliar, new people, are often embarrassed, are more awkward in the new environment. All new, unusual causes a mendotus in the melancholic state. But in a familiar and relaxed atmosphere, people with such temperament feel calm and work very productively. In melancholics, it is easy to develop and improve the inherent depth and stability of the senses, and an increased susceptibility to external influences. (5.182)

1. 
   The main properties of temperament

Temperament as a dynamic characteristic of the mental activity of an individual has its own properties that have a positive or negative effect on its manifestations. There are such basic properties of temperament as sensitivity, reactivity, plasticity, rigidity, resistance, extroversion and introversion.

Sensitivity - a measure of sensitivity to the phenomena of reality, to which a person is related. Unsatisfied requests, conflicts, social events for some
people cause vivid reactions, suffering, and others include
to them calmly, indifferently.

Reactivity is a feature of a person’s reaction to various stimuli, which manifests itself in tempo, strength and form of response, and most brightly in emotional impressionability, and is reflected in a person’s attitude to the surrounding reality and to himself. Violent reactions in case of successes or failures in activity affect various features of temperament.

Plasticity is manifested in the rapid adaptation to circumstances that change. Due to the plasticity of mental activity, the features of higher nervous activity are restructured or compensated. Weakness, imbalance or lack of mobility of the type of nervous system under appropriate conditions of life and upbringing can acquire positive qualities.

Rigidity is a feature opposite to plasticity,

Resistance is the ability to resist negative or unfavorable circumstances. Quite vividly this feature is manifested in stressful situations, with considerable tension in the activity. Some people are able to resist the most difficult conditions of activity or circumstances that have suddenly arisen (accidents, conflicts), while others are lost in emergency situations, it is easy

Extraversion and introversion - the orientation of the reactions and activities of the individual outward, on others (extroverts) or on himself, on his internal states, experiences, ideas (introverts). Extraversion and introversion as temperament properties are considered to be a manifestation of the dynamic, and not the content aspects of the personality.

Extroverters peculiar to the strength and mobility of the nervous
processes and, therefore, impulsiveness, flexibility of behavior, initiative. The introvert is dominated by weakness and inertia of the nervous processes, isolation, a tendency to self-analysis, and therefore there may be difficulties in social adaptation. (2.309-310)

1. 
   Character

Character (Greek. Charakter - a feature of the feature) - a set of individual, stable behavioral stereotypes, stamps of emotional reactions, style of thinking, established in the process of socialization, and fixed in habits and manners, in the system of relationships with others. (1.203)

Character is the central, core feature of personality. By character, we judge first of all about a person’s personality. It is no coincidence that the description of the individual psychological characteristics of the individual is called "characteristic." For the first time, “characteristics” describing the individual characteristics of people were compiled by the ancient Greek philosopher Theophrastus. Translated from the ancient Greek language, the word "character" means "chasing", "imprint", reflecting the most important feature of any object or phenomenon. In the "characteristics" of Theophrast was given a description of the moral character of various categories of people. In this regard, the word “character” began to denote the moral characteristics of a person’s personality. In the future, the character was considered not only as moral, but also psychological property   personality associated with the individual characteristics of the intellect, will and emotions.

Thus, the character was considered as a complex psychological education, the structure of which includes a variety of mental phenomena. A structural unit of character is a character trait. Each character trait includes a manifestation of intelligence, feeling and will.

So, for example, such a character trait as “kindness” can manifest itself in a person only if he understands what good is, if he sympathizes with a person and if he can show willful effort to do good to a person in distress. In connection with this, a character trait can only be such an individual-psychological phenomenon, in which the individual’s attitude to something manifests itself and which induces him to perform certain actions and deeds. Moreover, this attitude and actions are not random, but typical for a person.

Consequently, character is a stable combination of individual psychological characteristics of a personality, in which its relation to the world and to itself manifests itself, and which determine the forms of behavior typical for a person. (4.204-205)

The properties of character in Russian psychology are usually attributed to: 1) strength - weakness (vigor in achieving the goal - indecision, etc.); 2) hardness - softness (perseverance - adaptability, etc.); 3) integrity - inconsistency (the focus of the leading traits on achieving the goal is frequent change of the leading and secondary traits, etc.). (1.207)

Of course, character, like any subjective mental phenomenon, has an external objective manifestation, but it is not connected with the peculiarities of the structure of the face, but with its expression. If a person has a friendly facial expression, then we believe that he has a benevolent character, and if he is self-satisfied, dismissive, then he has an arrogant character. But sometimes a benevolent facial expression hides an evil, prudent character, which an unscrupulous person tries to hide, disguise, in order to deceive a gullible person.

The only objective criterion for the manifestation of a person’s character is his actions and actions, in which the true attitude towards people and the surrounding reality is manifested. Of course, a person’s attitude to reality can manifest itself both in the form of his speech and in its content, but in order to understand a person’s true character, one must know not only what he says, but also compare words with his deeds. (4.206)

1. 
   Traits

Character traits reflect individual behavioral matrices that are initially conscious (brought up, implanted, imposed), and then become automatic to a certain extent. Character is a stable structure. Its changes are possible only in cases of severe and prolonged mental or somatic illness or in conditions of prolonged, life-threatening events. The consolidation in the process of socialization of characterological habits, manners, styles of thinking and behavior is associated with the requirements of the surrounding society (micro and macrosocium), with the goals and motives and needs of the person. The main differences of personal qualities from character traits are: the degree of volitional regulation of behavior, the use of moral principles, ideological attitudes, inclinations and social interests when choosing a system of actions (1.203)

Character is a complex system of education, the structure of which has a large number of the most diverse features. However, all the features do not exist in a row, but are combined into various complexes that form the structure of character. There are four main sets of character traits in which a person’s attitude towards various aspects of reality is manifested.

The first complex includes character traits in which attitudes toward other people are manifested: sensitivity, attentiveness, responsiveness, honesty, truthfulness, rudeness, arrogance, deceit, servility, etc. As you can see, in the complex there can be character traits that have both positive and negative directivity.

The second complex includes character traits in which the attitude towards oneself is expressed: modesty, pride, dignity, shyness, vanity, ambition, self-conceit, conceit, etc.

The third complex includes character traits in which attitudes toward activities are manifested: hard work, conscientiousness, responsibility, diligence, efficiency, enterprise, irresponsibility, negligence, etc.

The fourth complex consists of character traits in which attitudes toward things are manifested: thrift, accuracy, prudence, generosity, waste, negligence, stinginess, etc. (4.206-207)

1. 
   The ratio of character and temperament

Tab. 1. Differences between temperament and character

The properties of character in Russian psychology are usually attributed to: 1) strength - weakness (vigor in achieving the goal - indecision, etc.); 2) hardness - softness (perseverance - adaptability, etc.); 3) integrity - inconsistency (the focus of the leading traits on achieving the goal is the frequent change of the leading and secondary traits, etc.).

The relationship of parameters of temperament and character traits is not linear, that is, it is impossible to reliably predict which character traits will be inherent in one or another type of temperament at the end of the socialization process. (1.207)

Conclusion
Temperament is an individual peculiarity of a person, manifested in his excitability, emotional impressionability, poise and speed of mental activity.

There are 4 types of temperament. Each type of temperament has its own correlation of mental properties, first of all, different degree of activity and emotionality, as well as those or other features of motility. A sanguine person has high neuropsychic activity, rich facial expressions and expressive movements; he is characterized by emotionality, impressionability, and lability. For choleric people, a high level of neuropsychic activity and energy of actions, sharpness and swiftness of movements, strong impulsivity and brightness of emotional experiences are characteristic. The phlegmatic person is characterized by a relatively low activity of behavior, difficulty in switching attention, slowness and calmness of activity, even mimicry and speech, equality, consistency and depth of feelings and moods. Melancholic is characterized by a low level of neuropsychic activity, restraint and muffled motility and speech, considerable emotional reactivity, depth and firmness of feelings, with a weak external manifestation.

The properties of temperament include sensitivity, reactivity, plasticity, rigidity, resistance, extroversion and introversion.

The characters of people are diverse. A multitude of character traits and a huge number of their combinations make a person’s character unique and unique. However, the character of a person may acquire some individual qualities that are perceived by others as "heavy", "hard", "iron", "soft", "golden" character.

Temperament is associated with character. The character can hide (compensate) the shortcomings of temperament due to the skills of self-regulation.

Temperament is associated with activity. Studies show that, depending on temperament, it is not the end result (level of achievement) that changes, ”but the mode of implementation. Temperament and character in psychology differ, a clear boundary between them is not drawn. In the most general and approximate sense, temperament is understood either as a “natural basis” or as a “dynamic basis” of character.

References

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   Gamezo M. B, Gerasimov B. C., Mashurtseva D. A., Orlova L. M. General psychology: Teaching aid / Under the general. ed. Mv Gamezo. - M .: “Os-89”, 2007. - 352 p.
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   S.D. Maksimenko. General psychology. M .: “Refl-beech”, - 2004. - 528 p.
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   General Psychology: Textbook / Ed. Tugusheva R. X. and Garber EI - M .: “Eksmo”, 2006. - 560 p.
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   Sorokun P.A. Fundamentals of psychology. Pskov: PSPU, 2005 - 312 p.
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   Tertel A. L. Psychology. Course of lectures: studies. allowance. - M .: TK Velbi, “Prospectus”, 2006. - 248 p.

Annex 1



Fig. 1. Characteristics of the types of the nervous system