Research work: "The meaning of proverbs and sayings in the fables of I. A

From early childhood, our parents read different fairy tales and poems to us. Along with the fairy tales of A. S. Pushkin and the poems of A. Barto, children are brought up on the fables of the famous Russian writer I.A. Krylova.

Is there really at least one child in Russia who has not heard the fable about the dragonfly and the ant or the swan, the crayfish and the pike? I.A. Krylov in his fables very accurately notices human qualities and vices, veiledly transferring them to the characters of his works.

Excerpts from Krylov's fables are quoted not only in childhood, but also in adulthood, because they reflect the realities of our lives.

Several examples of popular aphorisms from the fables of Ivan Andreevich Krylov:

“Did you sing everything? this is the thing: So come and dance!”;
“When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go well, and nothing will come out of it, only torment”;
“Whoever is noble and strong, but not smart, is so bad if he has a good heart”;
“How many times have they told the world,
That flattery is vile and harmful; but everything is not for the future,
And a flatterer will always find a corner in the heart”;
“Even though I bend, I don’t break”;
“The powerful are always to blame for the powerless”;
“When you adopt it wisely, then it’s not a miracle
And find some benefit from it”;
“And the casket just opened”;
“What thieves get away with, they beat the thieves for”;
“Yes, but the cart is still there.”

Proverbs and sayings, catchphrases by Krylov I.A.
And Vaska listens and eats.

And the casket simply opened.

Just throw them a bone, so your dogs!

And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, are still not fit to be musicians.

And nothing has changed. (Swan, crayfish and pike)

Ay, Moska! Know she is strong, That she barks at an elephant!

It’s a disaster if a shoemaker starts baking pies, and a pie maker starts making boots. (Pike and Cat)

A great beast for small things.

If the head is empty, then the head of the mind will not be given space. (Parnassus).

Because he praises the cuckoo.

God save us from such judges!

The titmouse brought glory, but did not set the sea on fire. (Tit)

Isn’t it better to turn on yourself, godfather?

But chickens will never reach the clouds.

Eagles sometimes descend lower than chickens.

It’s better to sing well with a goldfinch than poorly with a nightingale. (Starling)

It’s better to drink, but understand the matter. (Musicians)

A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy. (The Hermit and the Bear)

Although the eye sees, the tooth is numb. (Fox and grapes)

T wrangling I.A. We have known Krylov since childhood. The heroes of his fables looked at us from the pages of school textbooks: Monkeys, Donkeys, Nightingales. Surprisingly, while reading the fables, we immediately understood that the human characters and plots embodied in the characters could be applied to ourselves and the people around us.

It was easy to remember the short sayings that embodied the moral of these poetic works.

The heroes of Krylov's famous fable began to carry luggage together. The load is not very heavy. Why is it impossible to move? The Swan flies into the sky, and the Pike and Cancer strive for the water. This happens when a group of people fuss, negotiate, without listening to each other and considering only their own opinion. In this case they say: “And the cart is still there.”

In the fable “Quartet,” Krylov parodies the work of the departments of the State Duma. They are represented by the mischievous Monkey, the stubborn Donkey, the aggressive Goat and the clumsy Bear! To learn how to play, the heroes even try to switch places. But the music doesn't sound. “And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, you are still not fit to be musicians,” is the result of the activities of the “musicians.”

The fable about the Wolf and the Lamb has not lost its poignancy either. “The powerful are always to blame for the powerless,” we sometimes think when we see impunity, arrogance, cynicism and defenselessness on the one hand, and submission on the other. As he says

Another familiar situation. The Fox-Prosecutor, who took bribes from Pike, convinces her to give the criminal a death sentence - to drown her in the river. “And they threw Pike into the river!”

The cook left Vaska-Kot to protect the food. Returning, he sees that the Cat is finishing the chicken. The cook uses all his eloquence and shames the glutton. “And Vaska listens and eats.” Here it is necessary to apply legal measures, and not talk.

Krylov’s proverbs are applicable to a variety of everyday situations. Reacting to what is persistently offered to us, we say that this is “Demyan’s ear.” “The Jumping Dragonfly,” “under each leaf there was a table and a house ready,” we conclude with irony about frivolous, carefree people. Having agonized over the solution to some problem, we exclaim: “And the box just opened!”

Over two centuries, life has changed radically. But Krylov’s aphorisms have not lost their relevance and poignancy. The wise Krylov foresaw this when, several years before his death, he began to carefully prepare a collection of his fables for publication.

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It often happens that we see labor and wisdom where we just have to guess and get down to business. Chest

The powerful always have the powerless to blame. The Wolf and the Lamb

“Did you sing everything? this is the thing: So go and dance!” Dragonfly and ant

When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go well, and what will come out of it is nothing but torment. Swan, crayfish and pike

How many times have they told the world that flattery is vile and harmful; but everything is not for the future, and the flatterer will always find a corner in the heart. A Crow and a fox

That I, without a fight at all, can get into big bullies. Let the dogs say: “Ay, Moska! Know that she is strong, that she barks at the Elephant! "" Elephant and pug

Do not despise anyone’s advice, but consider it first. Eagle and Mole

And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, are still not fit to be musicians. Quartet

Unfortunately, the same thing happens with people: no matter how useful a thing is, without knowing its value, the ignoramus tends to make everything worse about it; and if the ignorant is more knowledgeable, then he also persecutes her. Monkey and glasses

He who is noble and strong, but not smart, is so bad if he has a good heart. Elephant in the voivodeship

Choose your friends wisely. When self-interest covers itself with the guise of friendship, it only digs a hole for you. Grove and fire

That as it happens, living is not sickening, but dying is even more sickening. Peasant and death

Friends! Your work is empty: only glory is for the wolf, And it is Savva who eats the sheep. Shepherd

Look at another businessman: he is busy, rushing about, everyone marvels at him; he seems to be bursting out of his skin, but everything doesn’t move forward, like a squirrel in a wheel. Squirrel

It’s not in vain that people say: don’t spit in the well, you’ll need to drink the water. Lion and mouse

Why, without fear of sin, does the Cuckoo praise the Rooster? Because he praises the Cuckoo. Cuckoo and rooster

The world is full of such friendship. Listen, it seems they have the same soul - but just throw them a bone, so your dogs! Dog friendship

The trouble is, if the shoemaker starts baking pies, and the cake maker starts making boots, things won’t go well. Pike and cat

Just as many people have the same weakness: everything in another seems like a mistake to us; If you get down to business yourself, you’ll end up doing something twice as bad. Convoy

And what is the most important science for kings: to know the properties of their people and the benefits of their land. Raising a Lion

Who, no matter what he tries, has the gift of seeing only bad things? Pig

We willingly give, What we don’t need ourselves. Wolf and fox

In the same way, I have seen, sometimes other gentlemen, having confused matters, correct them; Look: they’re flaunting Trishka’s caftan. Trishkin caftan

A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy. Hermit and bear

True talents do not get angry because of criticism: beauty cannot damage them; Only fake flowers are afraid of rain. Flowers

The miser loses everything by wanting to get everything. Stingy and chicken

How happy many people find only by walking well on their hind legs! Two dogs

I heard - is it true? - as if in old times we saw such judges who were very smart as long as they had a smart secretary. Oracle

Almost everyone has the same calculation in everything: who will deceive whom better and who will deceive whom more cunningly. Merchant

And you’re right - blame yourself: reap what you sow. Wolf and cat

It often happens that we see labor and wisdom where we just have to guess and get down to business. Chest

The powerful always have the powerless to blame. The Wolf and the Lamb

“Did you sing everything? this is the thing: So go and dance!” Dragonfly and ant

When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go well, and what will come out of it is nothing but torment. Swan, crayfish and pike

How many times have they told the world that flattery is vile and harmful; but everything is not for the future, and the flatterer will always find a corner in the heart. A Crow and a fox

That I, without a fight at all, can get into big bullies. Let the dogs say: “Ay, Moska! You know, she’s strong for barking at the Elephant!” Elephant and pug

Do not despise anyone’s advice, but consider it first. Eagle and Mole

And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, are still not fit to be musicians. Quartet

He who is noble and strong, but not smart, is so bad if he has a good heart. Elephant in the voivodeship

Choose your friends wisely. When self-interest covers itself in the guise of friendship, it only digs a hole for you. Grove and fire

That as it happens, living is not sickening, but dying is even more sickening. Peasant and death

Friends! Your work is empty: only glory is for the wolf, And it is Savva who eats the sheep. Shepherd

Look at another businessman: he is busy, rushing about, everyone marvels at him; he seems to be bursting out of his skin, but everything doesn’t move forward, like a squirrel in a wheel. Squirrel

It’s not in vain that people say: don’t spit in the well, you’ll need to drink the water. Lion and mouse

Why, without fear of sin, does the Cuckoo praise the Rooster? Because he praises the Cuckoo. Cuckoo and rooster

The world is full of such friendship. Listen, it seems they have the same soul - but just throw them a bone, so your dogs! Dog friendship

The trouble is, if the shoemaker starts baking pies, and the cake maker starts making boots, things won’t go well. Pike and cat

Just as many people have the same weakness: everything in another seems like a mistake to us; If you get down to business yourself, you’ll end up doing something twice as bad. Convoy

And what is the most important science for kings: to know the properties of their people and the benefits of their land. Raising a Lion

Who, no matter what he tries, has the gift of seeing only bad things? Pig

We willingly give, What we don’t need ourselves. Wolf and fox

In the same way, I have seen, sometimes other gentlemen, having confused matters, correct them; Look: they’re flaunting Trishka’s caftan. Trishkin caftan

A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy. Hermit and bear

True talents do not get angry because of criticism: beauty cannot damage them; Only fake flowers are afraid of rain. Flowers

The miser loses everything by wanting to get everything. Stingy and chicken

How happy many people find only by walking well on their hind legs! Two dogs

I heard - is it true? - as if in olden days you saw such judges who were very smart as long as they had a smart secretary. Oracle

Almost everyone has the same calculation in everything: who will deceive whom better and who will deceive whom more cunningly. Merchant

And you’re right—blame yourself: reap what you sow. Wolf and cat

Goal of the work: show the educational significance of proverbs and sayings in I.A.’s fables. Krylova.

To achieve this goal, the following were settasks:
1. Explore popular expressions in the fables of I. A. Krylov.
2. Show their educational significance in the modern world.

Subject of study : work on proverbs and sayings that form the value system in the life of every child in literature lessons.

Relevance: insufficient knowledge of the educational influence of proverbs and sayings as a literary genre.

Research methods :
1.Observation.
2.Theoretical analysis.
3.Comparison.
4. Study of literature.

Content

Introduction ………………………………………………………… ……………… 3 pages.

Chapter 1. The world of Ivan Andreevich Krylov’s fable……………………………….. 4-5 pp.

Chapter 2. Practical part. The meanings of proverbs and sayings in the fables of I.A. Krylov (using the example of the fables “Larchik”, “Cat and Cook”, “Quartet”, “Elephant and Pug”, “Hardworking Bear”, “Dog Friendship”, “Swan, Pike and Cancer") ………………………… 6-9 pp.

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….............. 10p.

Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………. 11p.

Introduction.

I was fascinated by the fable genre - as one of the oldest genres of art, since its historical roots are very deep. Having studied the literature on this issue (see list of references), I learned the following: fables appeared in ancient times, when a person was looking for an answer to the question of how to behave in this huge world. The fable was so popular that many legends are associated with its existence.

The ancient world knew many fables. It is believed that the first ancient Greek fabulists were Hesiod (late 9th–8th centuries BC) and Stesichorus (6th century BC) (mid 6th century BC). ) is the most famous ancient fabulist, whose works have become classics and have been repeatedly translated into languages of the world. Aesop's fables were written in prose, witty, clear and simple. It is with the name of the Greek fabulist that the concept of “Aesopian language” is associated, which began to be widely used in Russia from the end of the 18th century. Of course, the most famous of Western European fabulists is (1621–1695). The real development of the fable genre occurred, naturally, in the post-Petrine era. The first writer of the 18th century to write six imitations of Aesop was (1708–1744). At the same time (1703–1769) he published Several Aesop's fables. After Kantemir and Trediakovsky, the fable became one of the favorite genres of poets of the 18th century. Many fables were written (1718–1777), who called them fables-parables. In total, he created 334 fables, some of which are free translations of La Fontaine, but most are original works. The next step in the development of Russian fables was the work of I.I. Khemnitser (1745–1784). He also translated the works of La Fontaine and the German fabulist Gellert. In addition, he created many of his own fables, first published anonymously in 1779 under the title Fables and fairy tales NN in verse. The author's name was made public after his death, when the book was first published in 1799 Fables and tales of I.I. Khemnitser. Fables (1760–1837), although artistically inferior to the works of Sumarokov or Chemnitser, are much more innovative, primarily in their language. All forty of his fables were written in 1803–1804. All fabulists of the 18th–19th centuries. eclipsed (1768–1844). V.G. Belinsky noted that the works of I.A. Krylov are not just fables - “they are a story, a comedy, a humorous essay, an evil satire.”

I was interested in the work of Ivan Andreevich Krylov, because we became a little familiar with his works in elementary school lessons, and then in literature lessons in the 5th grade. It was interesting. I was attracted by the rich and expressive language of his fables. A special place in it is occupied by proverbs and sayings, which are used by all people, although many of us are not even aware of the source of origin of this or that expression. I was attracted to his work by the way he simply and at the same time intelligently ridicules human vices, which are countless. His fables are so figurative and at the same time simple in form and language that they are very easily perceived by children and have great educational significance for them.

Chapter 1. The world of Ivan Andreevich Krylov’s fable.

I.A. Krylov dedicated his work to the fable. In 1808, the first edition of his Fables was published. The book was sold out in great demand and brought Krylov enormous success. It was published a lot. From 1809 to 1843 I.A. Krylov wrote more than 200 fables.
The fabulist inherited the tradition of identifying people with animals from his predecessors. But Krylov’s skill, of course, does not lie in imitation of this tradition. As a classicist, Krylov believed that the vices of humanity should be eradicated by laughter, therefore greed, ignorance, and stupidity are ridiculed in his works.

Krylov's fables so perfectly expressed the people's view of life and in their nature turned out to be so close to folk tales and sayings that many lines of the fables turned into folk proverbs and became firmly entrenched in our memory.And the closeness of Ivan Andreevich’s language to folk speech was reflected in the fact that the writer inserted proverbs and sayings into his fables, and they completely merged with the general tone of the fable. But what is even more remarkable is that Krylov’s own poems, easily remembered, themselves became proverbs and entered popular speech. There are many such proverbs and sayings from his fables left in the Russian language: “And the casket just opened” (“Casket”), “Ai, Moska! Know she is strong, that she barks at the Elephant” (“Elephant and Moska”), “And Vaska listens and eats” (“Cat and the Cook”) and many, many others no less wonderful and expressive.

And the casket simply opened.

From the fable “The Casket” (1808) A certain “mechanical sage” tried to open the casket and was looking - out of habit - for the special secret of its lock. But since this secret did not exist at all, he did not find it and “left the box behind.” But I couldn’t figure out how to open it, but the casket just opened. To open it, you just had to lift its lid. Allegorically: there is no need to look for a complex solution to a problem where there is a simple one or where there is no problem at all.

And Vaska listens and eats

Going to the tavern, the Cook left the kitchen in the care of Vaska the Cat, so that he would guard the food supplies from mice. But, upon returning home, the Cook discovers that the Cat, “crouched behind a barrel of vinegar, purring and grumbling, is working on a little chicken.” The cook, seeing this, began to denounce the Cat: “Vaska the cat is a cheat! Vaska the cat is a thief! And Vaska, not just in the kitchen, should not be allowed into the yard, like a smooth wolf into the sheepfold: He is damage, he is a plague, he is a plague of these places! (Vaska listens and eats.) Here my rhetorician, giving free rein to his words, could not find an end to his moral teaching. But what? While he was singing it, Vaska the Cat ate all the roast. Allegorically about a person who is deaf to reproaches and admonitions and continues to do his unseemly deeds. It is also quoted as a reproach to those who waste their eloquence where it is simply necessary to “use the power”

“And you, friends, no matter how you sit down;

You’re still not fit to be musicians.”

From the fable “Quartet” (1811) Contemporaries believed that this fable was written as a satirical response to the reform of the State Council, which by the will of Emperor Alexander I was divided in 1810 into 4 departments. They were led by N. S. Mordvinov (Monkey), P. V. Zavadovsky (Donkey), P. V. Lopukhin (Goat) and A. A. Arakcheev (Bear). Thus, A. S. Pushkin’s Lyceum classmate M. A. Korf wrote in his “Memoirs”: “It is known that we owe the long debate about how to seat them and even several subsequent transplants to Krylov’s witty fable “Quartet.” About a poorly working team, in which things are not going well because there is no unity, agreement, professionalism, competence, or a clear understanding of each person’s own and common task.

And nothing has changed!

From the fable “Swan, Pike and Cancer” (1816) “One day Swan, Cancer and Pike set out to carry a cart with luggage,” but nothing came of it because:

...The swan rushes into the clouds,

The cancer moves back, and the Pike pulls into the water.

Who is to blame and who is right is not for us to judge;

Yes, but things are still there.

Ironically about ineffective work, about a problem that is not being solved.

Conclusions on chapter 1

1. Values are a product of cultural processes, since outside of human relationships they have no meaning.

2. Proverbs and sayings define the spiritual values of society and the individual. They are an established element of oral folk speech. We widely use them in modern speech, not always realizing their authorship.

Chapter 2. Practical part. The meanings of proverbs and sayings in the fables of I.A. Krylova

Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether the proverb came from Krylov’s fable, or whether Krylov perfectly illustrated the proverb with his fable. Fables by I.A. Krylova is an excellent school of observations of life and phenomena. They interest both in dynamic plots and in the depiction of the characters of the characters, in particular animals, insects, and birds. Every fable you read provokes reflection in a person and makes you think about morality. Let's see this with examples:

1. And the casket simply opened.
The moral of the fable “Larchik” is expressed in the opening quatrain:
It often happens to us that we see labor and wisdom there, where we just have to guess and just get down to business.

2. And Vaska listens and eats.
This proverb is from the fable “The Cat and the Cook”. The cook scolds the Cat for stealing the pie and the little chicken in his absence.
Here's the moral of the story:
And I would tell another cook to hack it on the wall:
So that speeches are not wasted there, Where power needs to be used.

3. And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, are still not fit to be musicians.
Unlucky musicians: the Naughty Monkey, the Donkey, the Goat and the club-footed Bear turn to the Nightingale flying past.
Here's the moral of the story:
“To be a musician, you need skill and your ears to be gentle,” Nightingale answers. –
And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, are still not fit to be musicians.”
("Quartet")

4. Ay, Moska! know that she is strong, that she barks at the Elephant!

The mongrel notices Moska, who was barking with all her might at the Elephant, that he does not pay any attention to her barking.
Here's the moral of the story:
“Ay, Moska! know she is strong, That she barks at the Elephant!”
("Elephant and Moska")

5. And the arcs are bent with patience and not suddenly.

Seeing that the man was working on the arches, the bear decided to live by the same labors.
However, Bear didn’t succeed and Here's the moral of the story:
“That,” answered the neighbor, “is what you, godfather, don’t have at all: patience.”
("Industrious Bear")

6. Just throw them a bone, so your dogs!

In a fable "Dog Friendship" There lived two yard dogs - Barbos and Polkan. And so they began to confess to each other their strong and unbreakable friendship. When the cook from the kitchen throws a bone, the new friends bicker. Finally they were forced to pour water on them.
Morality is this:
The world is full of such friendship. You can’t say anything about your current friends without sinning,
That in friendship they are all almost alone: To listen - it seems that they have one soul, -
Just throw them a bone, so your dogs!
There is a proverb: “A dog’s friendship is down to the first bone.” Did Krylov write a fable based on this proverb, or was the proverb born from his fable?

7. And (but only) the cart is still there.

The very short fable “The Swan, the Pike and the Cancer” tells how the characters listed in the title were carrying a cart loaded with luggage. But the Swan was rushing into the clouds, the Cancer was backing away, and the Pike was pulling into the water. And the cart remained there even now.
Morality fables in the first three lines:
When there is no agreement among comrades, things will not go well for them,
And nothing will come out of it, only torment.

Dictionary of popular words and expressions:

1. And the casket simply opened. (“Casket”)

Used in relation to the found simple solution to a problem that at first seemed complex.

2. And Vaska listens and eats. ("The Cat and the Cook" »)

It is used in relation to a person who does not challenge the arguments addressed to him and continues to do things in his own way.

About a situation when one speaks and convinces, but the other does not listen, does not take into account the speaker and continues to do his (usually reprehensible) job.

3. And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, are still not fit to be musicians. ("Quartet")

Used to refer to a group of people who are unable to work together.

4.Ay, Moska! Know that she is strong, that she barks at an elephant.

Get into big bullies without a fight. ("Elephant and Moska")

Used in relation to a person who scolds higher authorities or someone who is stronger in some respect, taking advantage of his impunity.
It is used in relation to people who differ greatly in physical characteristics or social status, when a small, insignificant person carefully tries to harm some figure.

5. And the arcs are bent with patience and not suddenly. ("Industrious Bear")

It is used as a playful and ironic censure of someone’s haste, as well as a superficial, frivolous attitude to a task that requires skill and patience.

6 . Listen - it seems they have the same soul, - But just throw them a bone, so your dogs! (“Dog Friendship”)

foreigner : about the fragility of friendship

Wed. The dog of friendship has been reputed to be an example since ancient times,

Afriendship between dogs, as if between people ,

Almost completely invisible .

7. But the cart is still there, the Swan is rushing into the clouds, the Cancer is moving back, and the Pike is pulling into the water. ("Swan, Pike and Cancer")

It is used in cases when the matter, without moving, stands still, and around it there are fruitless conversations, vanity, that is, there is no coordination in any matter.

Conclusions on Chapter 2

Proverbs and sayings are a highly moral genre. They affirm goodness, truth, justice, intelligence, love, hard work; they condemn lies, evil, stupidity, laziness, arrogance.

Conclusion

I.A. Krylov is a great Russian poet and fabulist, because he loved everything Russian: the Russian people, the Russian language, Russian nature, Russian art.

By the time Krylov became exclusively a fabulist, he had already traveled a long creative path. He was the author of comedies, comic operas, tragedies, a satirist, a journalist and a poet. But he became famous as a great fabulist. A.S. Pushkin said about him this way: “He surpassed all fabulists known to us, enriched the Russian language with winged, witty figurative expressions and comparisons.”

V. G. Belinsky wrote: “There is no need to talk about the great importance of Krylov’s fables for raising children; children are unconsciously and directly imbued with the Russian spirit from them, master the Russian language and are enriched with wonderful impressions of almost the only poetry available to them.”

I.A. Krylov's fables do not age. Each new generation is brought up on them. They entered the national culture fund. Lines from fables entered into speech and became familiar. They are known not only in our country, but also abroad, translated into 50 languages.

Who has not heard his living words,

Who hasn’t met him in their life?

Immortal creations of Krylov

Every year we love more and more.

From school desks we got along with them,

In those days, the primer was barely comprehended,

And remained in memory forever

Winged Krylov words.

Having studied the state of this problem in theory and practice, identifying the educational values of proverbs and sayings from I.A. Krylov’s fables, we can make the following conclusions:

1. Proverbs and sayings have absorbed the centuries-old moral experience of the people. Their historical roots are deep. This makes them relevant in our time, since they introduce the student to the world of universal human values and introduce them to the origins of folk culture.

2. With the fables of I.A. Krylov, living folk speech entered Russian literature, for example, A.S. Pushkin said that in the work of I.A. Krylov there is “cheerful cunning of the mind, mockery and a picturesque way of expressing.”

Bibliography

1. Gordin A.M. Ivan Andreevich Krylov in portraits, illustrations, documents. Edited by L.V. Denitsky. – M.: L.; "Enlightenment", 1966.

2. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. In four volumes. 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Russian language. - Media, 2007.

3. Zhukov V.P. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language: A manual for students. - M.: Education, 1980.

4. Zhukov V.P. Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings. – 13th ed., stereotype. – M.: Russian language. – Media, 2007.

5. Krylov I.A. Collection of fables. 1997

7. Stepanov N.L. , A. Krylov. Life and art. – M.: Goslitizdat, 1958.

Of all Russian fables, the most famous are those written by Ivan Andreevich Krylov. And how much wisdom is contained in them! Many apt expressions from Krylov's fables firmly entered into colloquial speech and became proverbs.

In schools they often give tasks to choose proverbs from fables or remember from what fable this or that proverb. It helps a lot in completing this task “School's Dictionary. Proverbs, sayings and popular expressions” (author O. D. Ushakova). There we find a whole section dedicated to this topic.

But the most useful thing for mental development is to take a collection of Krylov’s fables and look for catchphrases on your own. Those phrases that seem familiar to you, apt, actively used by us in speech, are proverbs or catchphrases.

A controversial point: expressions from Krylov’s fables should be considered proverbs or catchphrases. Krylov’s apt phrases eventually acquired proverbial wisdom. They are figurative, accurate, rhythmic in form, have firmly entered everyday speech and have an edifying content. And these features, if you turn to explanatory dictionaries, are inherent in proverbs.

So, proverbs from Krylov's fables the following can be recalled:

Wolf and Lamb

The powerful always have the powerless to blame.
It's your fault that I want to eat.

Eagle and Chickens

Eagles sometimes descend lower than chickens,
But chickens will never reach the clouds!

Pike and Cat

Trouble is, if the shoemaker starts baking pies,
And the boots are made by the cake maker...

Rooster and Pearl Seed

Tearing up a pile of manure,
The rooster found a grain of pearl...
The ignorant judge exactly like this:
If they don’t understand the point, it’s all nothing.

Convoy

Everything in another seems like a mistake to us;
And you will get down to business yourself,
So you'll do something twice as bad.

Elephant in the voivodeship

Who is noble and strong,
I'm not smart
It’s so bad if he has a good heart.

Guns and Sails

Every power is strong,
When all the parts in it are wisely arranged...

Hare on the hunt

At least they laugh at braggarts,
And often in the division they get shares.

Stingy and Chicken

The miser loses everything by wanting to get everything.

Wolf and Crane

Everyone knows that wolves are greedy:
Wolf, eating, never
Doesn't understand bones.

Monkey

Work as you want
But don’t be flattered to buy
No gratitude, no glory,
If there is no benefit or fun in your labors.
The monkey decided to work:
I found a block of wood - and well, tinker with it!
You work a lot, but there is no benefit in it.

Geese

Yes, our ancestors saved Rome!
Leave your ancestors alone:
The honor was right for them;
And you, friends, are only good for roasting.

Elephant and Moska

They led an Elephant through the streets,
Apparently, for show.
It is known that Elephants are a curiosity among us...
Ay, Moska! know that she is strong, that barks at the Elephant!

Lion and Mosquito

Don't laugh at the powerless
And you can’t offend the weak!
Sometimes powerless enemies take revenge:
So don’t rely too much on your own strength!

Passersby and Dogs

Envious people, no matter what they look at,
They will bark forever;
And you go your own way:
They bark and leave.

Hermit and Bear

Although the service is dear to us in need,
But not everyone knows how to tackle it:
God forbid you contact a fool!
A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy.

Kite

It’s in vain that you dream so much about yourself!
Even though you’re high, you’re flying on a leash.

Mirror and Monkey

Why should gossips consider working?
Isn’t it better to turn on yourself, godfather?

Wolf and Wolf Cub

...First I need to know,
What is a shepherd like for a flock?...
And where the shepherd is a fool, the dogs are fools.

Wolf and Fox tsa

We gladly give
What we don’t need ourselves.

Quartet

Naughty Monkey,
Donkey,
Goat
Yes, clubfooted Mishka
We decided to play a Quartet.
To be a musician, you need skill.
And you, friends, no matter how you sit down,
You're still not fit to be musicians.

Wolf and Shepherds

No matter what noise you all make here, friends,
I wish I could do this!

Starling

Everyone has their own talent;
But often, a stranger was seduced by success,
Someone else grabs it,
What he is not good at at all.
Take on what you are passionate about
If you want your business to have a successful ending.
You better sing well goldfinch,
What's wrong with the nightingale?

Two Barrels

But no matter how loud that Barrel is,
But the benefit in it is not [...] great.
Who shouts about his affairs to everyone incessantly,
There's really no point in that...
A great man is only loud in his deeds,
And he thinks his deepest thoughts
No noise.

Curious

I didn’t even notice the elephant.

Swan, Pike and Crayfish

When there is no agreement among comrades,
Things won't go well for them,
And nothing will come out of it, only torment.
Yes, but things are still there.

Mouse and Rat

If it reaches their claws,
That is true, the lion will not be alive:
There is no stronger beast than a cat!
When a coward is afraid of someone,
Then he thinks that
The whole world looks through his eyes.

Crest

As long as our conscience is clear,
The truth is dear to us and the truth is holy to us...
She is both listened to and accepted;
But he just started to cheat,
The truth is far from your ears...

Siskin and Dove

Don’t laugh at someone else’s misfortune, Dove.

Cloud

Whenever you would shed your rain on the fields,
You would have saved the whole region from hunger;
And in the sea without you, my friend, there is enough water.

Donkey and Nightingale

God save us from such judges.
It's a pity that I don't know
You are with our Rooster:
If only you had become more alert,
If only I could learn a little from him.

Fox and Donkey

Why should I be timid? And I kicked him:
Let the donkey's hooves know.
So low souls, be noble, strong,
They don’t dare raise their gaze to you:
But only fall from a height -
Expect resentment and annoyance from the first ones.

Dog friendship

Listen - it seems they have the same soul -
Just throw them a bone, so your dogs!

Peasant and Snake

When you want to be respected by people,
Make acquaintances and friends with analysis!

Fox and Grapes

At least the eye sees
Yes, it hurts.

Miller

The trouble would not be great at first,
When would you put your hands...

Two dogs

How many people find happiness
Only because they walk well on their hind legs!

Cuckoo and Rooster

Why, without fear of sin,
Does the Cuckoo praise the Rooster?
Because he praises the Cuckoo.

Pond and River

So the talent withers away without benefit to the world,
Getting weaker every day
When laziness takes over...

Hunter

As they often say in business: I still have time,
But we must admit that
What do they say when they ask not wisely,
And with your laziness.

Dragonfly and Ant

Did you sing everything? This business:
So come and dance!

Pig under the Oak

The ignoramus is also blinded
Scolds science and learning
And all the scientific works,
Without feeling that he is tasting their fruits.

Wolf and Cuckoo

Who is worse in character,
Moreover, he screams and grumbles at people.
He doesn’t see the good ones, no matter where he turns,
And the first one will not get along with anyone.

Wolf at the kennel

There is no other way to make peace with wolves,
Like skinning them off.

Bee and Flies

Who works for the benefit of the fatherland,
He will not be separated from him easily;
And whoever is deprived of the ability to be useful,
Someone else's side is always pleasant:
Not having been a citizen, he is less despised there,
And no one there is annoyed by his idleness.

Fly and Bee

...If you’re not too lazy
Work all day from morning to evening!
If I were you, I would fade away within a day.
If they throw me out the window, I’m drawn to another.

Municipal state educational institution

"Secondary school No. 37" p. Ugoyan

Municipal municipality "Aldan district"

Scientific and practical conference “I am a researcher”

Research work on the topic:

"MagicalI. A. Krylov's pantry»

I've done the work:

4th grade student Avelov Vadim

Scientific adviser:

Avelova Lyudmila Dmitrievna,

Teacher of Russian language and literature

Introduction…………………………………………………………………..3 pp.

Life and work of I. A. Krylov ……………………………………...5 pp.

Fables by I. A. Krylov……………………………………………………6-7 pp.

2.1. Practical part. The meanings of proverbs and sayings in the fables of I. A. Krylov (using the example of the fables “Larchik”, “Cat and Cook”, “Quartet”, “Elephant and Pug”, “Hardworking Bear”, “Dog Friendship”, “Swan, Pike and Cancer")………8-9 pp.

2.2. Meanings of proverbs and sayings in pictures………………………10-12 pp.

Conclusion……………………………………………………………........13 p.

References……………………………………………………………14pp.

Introduction.

Goal of the work: show the educational significance of proverbs and sayings from I. A. Krylov’s fables.

To achieve this goal, the following were set tasks:

Study the fables of I. A. Krylov;

Explore proverbs and sayings in the fables of I. A. Krylov;

Show their educational significance in the modern world.

Subject of study: work on proverbs and sayings that form the value system in the life of every child in literature lessons.
Relevance: The school curriculum involves studying Krylov's fables from elementary school. The use of proverbs and sayings in speech is the main indicator of a person’s level of education and culture. Insufficient study and misunderstanding of the meanings of proverbs and sayings leads to a large gap in the field of linguistics and literary criticism, as well as a decrease in the moral quality of a person.

Hypothesis: Krylov's fables are an encyclopedia of life. Studying the meanings and role of proverbs and sayings will enrich our speech, improve the culture of communication and contribute to the development of spiritual and moral qualities.

Research methods:
1.Observation.
2.Theoretical analysis.
3.Comparison.
4. Study of literature.

I was fascinated by the fable genre - as one of the oldest genres of art, since its historical roots are very deep. According to legend, the founder of the fable is considered to be the ancient Greek author Aesop, who lived in the 6th century BC. The origin of the fable dates back to the 6th century BC and is associated with the name of Aesop. The fables that we know as Aesop's were primarily stories about animals, including moral teaching, where the narrated incident was related to human life. The fable, as a poetic genre, was developed by the French fabulist La Fontaine in the 17th century. Lafontaine creates fables that are based on folk wisdom, they are very witty, and contain dialogue. Dialogue is a conversation between two or more people. And it was with the book of La Fontaine’s fables, which accidentally caught Krylov’s eye, that the path to the work of the great Russian fabulist began.

In Russian literature, the foundations of the national fable tradition were laid by Sumarokov. And the pinnacle in the development of this genre were Krylov’s fables, which absorbed the experience of two and a half millennia. The fable is of a “moralizing nature,” that is, there is always a moral in a fable. Therefore, a special place in it is occupied by proverbs and sayings that are used by all people, although many of us do not even know the meaning. I was attracted to his work by the fact that the proverbs and sayings in his fables have great educational value.

Life and work of I. A.Krylova

Ivan Andreevich Krylov was born on February 2 in Moscow into the family of a poor army captain, who received the rank of officer only after thirteen years of military service. In 1775, the father retired, and the family settled in Tver.

The future fabulist received a meager education, but, possessing exceptional abilities, reading a lot from childhood, persistently and persistently engaged in self-education, he became one of the most enlightened people of his time.

After the death of his father, the family was left without any means of subsistence, and Krylov had to work as a scribe in the Tver court from the age of ten. The mother was unable to obtain a pension after the death of her husband, and in 1782 it was decided to go to St. Petersburg to apply for a pension. In the capital, too, nothing was achieved, but a place was found for Krylov as a clerk in the Treasury Chamber. In addition, Petersburg opened up the opportunity for him to engage in literary work.

In 1789, Krylov began publishing the satirical magazine “Mail of Spirits,” which continued the traditions of Russian satirical journalism. Because of its radical direction, the magazine could only exist for eight months, but Krylov did not abandon his intention to renew it. In 1792, he created a new satirical magazine, The Spectator, which immediately became popular due to the topicality of its subject matter. In the summer of 1792, a search was carried out in the printing house, Krylov came under police surveillance, and publication of the magazine had to be stopped.

In 1791 - 1801, Krylov retired from journalism and wandered around the provinces: he visited Tambov, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, and Ukraine. He did not stop composing, but his works only occasionally appeared in print.

After the death of Catherine II, he managed to enter the service of Prince S. Golitsyn as a personal secretary and teacher of his children. In Golitsyn's home theater, the joke-tragedy "Trumph, or Podschipa" written by Krylov in 1800 was staged - a witty and apt satire on Paul I and the royal court.

Fables by I. A. Krylov

In 1809, the first book of Krylov’s fables was published, in which he acted not only as a moralist, but as an accuser of the “powerful” of this world who oppress the people. It was the fable that became the genre in which Krylov’s genius expressed itself unusually widely. Nine books, including more than 200 fables, make up Krylov’s fable heritage.

In 1812 he became a librarian at the newly opened Public Library, where he served for 30 years, retiring in 1841. Krylov not only turned out to be a good collector of books, the number of which increased greatly under him, but he worked a lot on compiling bibliographic indexes and a Slavic-Russian dictionary.

I. A. Krylov dedicated his work to the fable. In 1808, the first edition of his Fables was published. The book was sold out in great demand and brought Krylov enormous success. It was published a lot. From 1809 to 1843 I.A. Krylov wrote more than 200 fables.
The fabulist inherited the tradition of identifying people with animals from his predecessors. But Krylov’s skill, of course, does not lie in imitation of this tradition. As a classicist, Krylov believed that the vices of humanity should be eradicated by laughter, therefore greed, ignorance, and stupidity are ridiculed in his works.

Krylov's fables so perfectly expressed the people's view of life and in their nature turned out to be so close to folk tales and sayings that many lines of the fables turned into folk proverbs and became firmly entrenched in our memory. And the closeness of Ivan Andreevich’s language to folk speech was reflected in the fact that the writer inserted proverbs and sayings into his fables, and they completely merged with the general tone of the fable. But what is even more remarkable is that Krylov’s own poems, easily remembered, themselves became proverbs and entered popular speech. There are many such proverbs and sayings from his fables left in the Russian language: “And the casket just opened” (“Casket”), “Ai, Moska! Know she is strong, that she barks at the Elephant” (“Elephant and Moska”), “And Vaska listens and eats” (“Cat and the Cook”) and many, many others no less wonderful and expressive.

And the casket simply opened.

And Vaska listens and eats

“And you, friends, no matter how you sit down;

You’re still not fit to be musicians.”

And nothing has changed!

From the fable “Swan, Pike and Cancer” (1816) “One day Swan, Cancer and Pike set out to carry a cart with luggage,” but nothing came of it because:

...The swan rushes into the clouds,

The cancer moves back, and the Pike pulls into the water.

Who is to blame and who is right is not for us to judge;

Yes, but things are still there.

Ironically about ineffective work, about a problem that is not being solved.

2.1. Practical part.

The meanings of proverbs and sayings in the fables of I. A. Krylov
Every proverb, saying, any popular expression has its own origins. Fables by I.A. Krylova is an excellent school of observations of life and phenomena. They interest both in dynamic plots and in the depiction of the characters of the characters, in particular animals, insects, and birds. Every fable you read provokes reflection in a person and makes you think about morality. I have identified the most popular proverbs and sayings from his fables and explained their meanings using literature and an online resource.
1. And the casket simply opened.
The moral of the fable “Larchik” is expressed in the opening quatrain:
It often happens to us

And work and wisdom to see there,

Where you just have to guess

Just get down to business.
2. And Vaska listens and eats.
This proverb is from the fable “The Cat and the Cook”. The cook scolds the Cat for stealing the pie and the little chicken in his absence.
Here's the moral of the story:
And I would like a different cook

He ordered it to be marked on the wall:
So as not to waste speeches there,

Where should power be used?.
3. And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, are still not fit to be musicians.
Unlucky musicians: the Naughty Monkey, the Donkey, the Goat and the club-footed Bear turn to the Nightingale flying past.
Here's the moral of the story:
“To be a musician, you need skill

And your ears are gentler,” the Nightingale answers. –
And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, are still not fit to be musicians.”
("Quartet")
4. Ay, Moska! know that she is strong, that she barks at the Elephant!
The mongrel notices Moska, who was barking with all her might at the Elephant, that he does not pay any attention to her barking.
Here's the moral of the story:
“Ay, Moska! know she is strong, That she barks at the Elephant!”
("Elephant and Moska")
5. And the arcs are bent with patience and not suddenly.
Seeing that the man was working on the arches, the bear decided to live by the same labors.
However, Bear didn’t succeed, and here’s the moral of the story:
“That,” answered the neighbor, “is what you, godfather, don’t have at all: patience.”
("Industrious Bear")
6. Just throw them a bone, so your dogs!
In a fable "Dog Friendship" There lived two yard dogs - Barbos and Polkan. And so they began to confess to each other their strong and unbreakable friendship. When the cook from the kitchen throws a bone, the new friends bicker. Finally they were forced to pour water on them.
Morality is this:
The world is full of such friendship. You can’t say anything about your current friends without sinning,
That in friendship they are all almost alone: To listen - it seems that they have one soul, -
Just throw them a bone, so your dogs!
There is also such a proverb : “Dog friendship to the first bone.” Did Krylov write a fable based on this proverb, or was the proverb born from his fable?

7. And (but only) the cart is still there.
The very short fable “The Swan, the Pike and the Cancer” tells how the characters listed in the title were carrying a cart loaded with luggage. But the Swan was rushing into the clouds, the Cancer was backing away, and the Pike was pulling into the water. And the cart remained there even now.
Moral fables in the first three lines:
When there is no agreement among comrades, things will not go well for them,
And nothing will come out of it, only torment.

2.2. The meaning of proverbs and sayings in pictures

And the casket simply opened. (“Casket”)

Used in relation to the found simple solution to a problem that at first seemed complex.

2. And Vaska listens and eats. ("The Cat and the Cook"»)

It is used in relation to a person who does not challenge the arguments addressed to him and continues to do things in his own way.

About a situation when one speaks and convinces, but the other does not listen, does not take into account the speaker and continues to do his (usually reprehensible) job.

And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, you are not fit to be musicians. (“Quartet”)

Used to refer to a group of people who are unable to work together.

4. Ay, Moska! Know that she is strong, that she barks at an elephant.
Get into big bullies without a fight. ("Elephant and Moska")

5. And the arcs are bent with patience and not suddenly. ("Industrious Bear")

It is used as a playful and ironic censure of someone’s haste, as well as a superficial, frivolous attitude to a task that requires skill and patience.

6 . Listen - it seems they have the same soul, - But just throw them a bone, so your dogs! (“Dog Friendship”)
foreigner: about the fragility of friendship

Wed. The dog of friendship has been reputed to be an example since ancient times,

A friendship between dogs, as if between people,

Almost completely invisible.

7. Yes, but the cart is still there, the Swan is rushing into the clouds, the Cancer is moving back, and the Pike is pulling into the water. ("Swan, Pike and Cancer")

It is used in cases when the matter, without moving, stands still, and around it there are fruitless conversations, vanity, that is, there is no coordination in any matter.

Conclusion

I. A. Krylov is a great Russian poet and fabulist, because he loved everything Russian: the Russian people, the Russian language, Russian nature, Russian art.
By the time Krylov became exclusively a fabulist, he had already traveled a long creative path. He was the author of comedies, comic operas, tragedies, a satirist, a journalist and a poet. But he became famous as a great fabulist. A. S. Pushkin said about him this way: “He surpassed all fabulists known to us, enriched the Russian language with winged, witty figurative expressions and comparisons.”

I. A. Krylov’s fables do not age. Each new generation is brought up on them... Lines from fables have entered into speech and become familiar. They are known not only in our country, but also abroad, translated into 50 languages.
Having studied the state of this problem in theory and practice, identifying the educational values of proverbs and sayings from I. A. Krylov’s fables, we can make the following conclusions:
1. Proverbs and sayings have absorbed the centuries-old moral experience of the people. This makes them relevant in our time, since they introduce the student to the world of universal human values and introduce them to the origins of folk culture.
2. Proverbs and sayings in I. A. Krylov’s fables are a real encyclopedia of life. Any fable can serve for educational purposes for class hours and thematic discussions at school.

In the future, I want to make a dictionary of proverbs and sayings from I. A. Krylov’s fables with my own illustrations.

Bibliography
1. Gordin A.M. Ivan Andreevich Krylov in portraits, illustrations, documents. Edited by L.V. Denitsky. – M.: L.; "Enlightenment", 1966.
2. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. In four volumes. 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Russian language. - Media, 2007.
3. Zhukov V.P. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language: A manual for students. - M.: Education, 1980.
4. Zhukov V.P. Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings. – 13th ed., stereotype. – M.: Russian language. – Media, 2007.
5. Krylov I.A. Collection of fables. 1997
6. Stepanov N.L. , A. Krylov. Life and art. – M.: Goslitizdat, 1958.