Actually an introductory structure. “Actually”: where is the comma placed? Is "actually" separated by commas? Each of us has the perfect six-pack abs

In fact

adverbial expression and introductory expression

1. Adverbial expression. The same as “in reality, in fact.” Does not require punctuation.

Distant, alien, as if In fact foreigners, Aniskin and Luka, were sitting at the table, with non-rustic movements, putting their little fingers aside, raising their glasses of vodka, but in their own way they squinted, their eyes became inexplicably cold. V. Lipatov, Village Detective. Boris Grigorievich's office In fact It was not an office of any kind, but was simply part of a room, fenced off by several low cabinets... V. Pelevin, Prince of the State Planning Committee. What was called a heavy artillery battalion were In fact three cannons and four tractors: two incomplete batteries . G. Baklanov, The dead have no shame.

2. Introductory expression. The same as “actually speaking, in fact.” Identified by punctuation marks, usually commas. For details on punctuation for introductory words, see Appendix 2. ()

What else does a person really need? A. and B. Strugatsky, A billion years before the end of the world.

@Examples from fiction show that the words “actually” in the vast majority of cases are not separated by commas.

Dictionary-reference book on punctuation. - M.: Reference and information Internet portal GRAMOTA.RU. V. V. Svintsov, V. M. Pakhomov, I. V. Filatova. 2010 .

See what “really” is in other dictionaries:

Indeed- Indeed … Spelling dictionary-reference book

Indeed- 1. see most; in sign. adv. In fact; really, exactly. He really is a real scientist. They think I'm worse than I really am. 2. see most; in sign. introductory collocation Indeed, it is true; in the end. Don't cry, really... Dictionary of many expressions

Indeed- Cm … Synonym dictionary

In fact- Cm … Synonym dictionary

Indeed- Unism. Really. = Actually. With verb. nesov. and owls kind, with adj.: how? actually speak, know, say, find out...; really healthy, cheerful... “There is news, and amazing: Fyodor Ivanovich Lavretsky has arrived.” - “So you saw... ...

In fact- Unism. In fact, in fact. = Indeed. With verb. nesov. and owls kind of: how? in fact, to be, to know, to want, to know, to desire... At first glance, the old woman could have been given the impression of being about sixty years old, although in fact she was younger. (M.... ... Educational phraseological dictionary

Adverbial expression, introductory expression, particle 1. Adverbial expression. The same as “true, accurate.” Not marked with punctuation. Kovrin spoke kindly and convincingly, but she continued to cry, shaking her shoulders and squeezing her hands, as if she were in... ... Dictionary-reference book on punctuation

Indeed- Razg. 1. Indeed; Truth. Sergei Sergeevich took a bottle and two glasses from his spacious jacket and put them on the table. This is cognac, he said... The cognac is magnificent. We sat down. The cognac actually turned out to be good (Chekhov. From friends). 2. In… … Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language

In fact- see the very 1), 2) = really Braves, but in fact a coward. Apologize! Really, what is it worth to you? ... Dictionary of many expressions

Indeed- I predic. An evaluative characterization of something as corresponding to the truth. Part II decomposition 1. Used when confidently confirming someone’s words or when expressing agreement with someone’s statement, corresponding in meaning to the words: yes, so, ... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

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The world around us is amazing and diverse. Of course, it is impossible to know everything in the world, but still there are such obvious things that we should be a little ashamed not to know.

website I have collected several basic facts that can be useful in life and simply must be generally known.

14. Frankenstein is the name of a scientist, not the name of a monster.

• We are thinking: Frankenstein is a character in novels, films, and theatrical productions - a monster, a monster who has risen from the dead.
• In fact: In Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus, Victor Frankenstein is a student who creates a living being from dead matter. The revived creature turns out to be a monster. But this monster did not have a name in the original source. Frankenstein's monster is the correct name for this character.

13. Hypothermia is not the cause of a cold

• We are thinking: If you're cold outside, expect a cold.
• In fact: What we call the common cold is a viral infection. This means that it can be caused by a virus that is transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person. Another thing is that cold weather may be favorable for the virus: according to a new study, at low temperatures the number of antiviral signals produced by the immune system is sharply reduced. But still, if the virus does not enter your body, then cold weather will definitely not give you a cold.

12. The expression “third world countries” has nothing to do with poverty and backwardness

• What we think: When we say “third world countries,” we mean poor developing countries.
• In fact: After World War II, the world was divided into 3 large geopolitical blocs. The “First World” began to be called the block of democratic countries in the US sphere of influence, and the “Second World” - the eastern bloc of socialist states. And the “third world” is the remaining 3/4 of the countries of the world that were not part of any bloc.

11. Chameleons don’t change their skin color to blend in with their environment.

• We are thinking: The chameleon changes its color when it is in danger in order to blend in with its surroundings and become invisible.
• In fact: The change in skin color of this animal is caused by its emotional and physiological state. It is also a unique way of communicating with other animals and regulating body temperature.

10. Deodorant and antiperspirant are not the same thing.

• We are thinking: Deodorant and antiperspirant are synonyms, they act according to the same scheme, they have the same purpose.
• In fact: Our sweat has no odor. The unpleasant odor that we smell is due to the proliferation of bacteria. Antiperspirants are designed to fight moisture - namely sweat, while deodorants only fight odor. A deodorant is a cosmetic product, but an antiperspirant temporarily changes the functioning of the skin, suppressing the secretion of sweat.

9. Ducks should not be fed bread.

• We are thinking: How nice it is to sit on the river bank on a fine day and feed the ducks a loaf of bread.
• In fact: Such food is not healthy for ducks and is even dangerous. The fact is that bread does not contain any nutrients for birds, but they like its taste. They fill their stomachs with bread and do not get truly healthy food. This diet leads to disease when the ducks' wings become deformed.

8. Each of us has the perfect six-pack abs

7. Small bumps on the letters F and J on the keyboard - for optimal finger position

• We are thinking: What are these strange convex stripes on the letters F and J for? Maybe for blind people?
• In fact: When we type, our fingers rest on the A, S, D and F keys (left hand) and J, K and L (right hand). you can immediately position your fingers without looking at the keyboard, and these convex lines were drawn on which you need to place both index fingers.

6. Fish should not be kept in a round aquarium.

• We are thinking: A round aquarium with a goldfish is an excellent decoration for your home, and also a great pet. You can often see such a picture in movies and cartoons.
• In fact: Such aquariums are very harmful. Firstly, there is no place for a filter - the water in the aquarium quickly becomes dirty, and daily water changes are a lot of stress for the fish. There is no room for a heater either - hence the large temperature fluctuations. The area of ​​the upper edge of the water is small, which means that the amount of oxygen dissolved in it decreases. And these are not all the arguments against such an inhumane aquarium.

5. The rear view mirror in the car can be switched to night mode to prevent you from being blinded.

• We are thinking: It’s terribly unpleasant when at night the light from car headlights reflected in the mirror seems to hit you straight into your eyes. But nothing can be done.
• In fact: Most cars have manual rear view mirrors. If you have one, then simply click the loop on the bottom of the mirror. The angle of the reflection will change, allowing you to see everything behind you without being blinded.

There are phrases in the Russian language that cannot be immediately mentioned - these are introductory constructions or members of a sentence, which, of course, creates a certain complexity in the formulation. Today we will consider one such case. Is it necessary to separate “actually” with commas?

The rule itself

Nominally there is nothing to be confused about. If the object of research is an introductory combination and it is similar in meaning to the expressions “actually” and “in fact,” then commas are always used. But when the meaning is “actually” and “in reality,” then commas are completely unnecessary.

The reader was probably horrified by the subtleties of isolation or, conversely, non-isolation; let him not despair. Practice shows that authors of fiction also prefer not to rack their brains over commas and not to use them in this case.

In addition, no matter how you look at it, it is very difficult for even the author himself to understand whether he is expressing some kind of emotion, which means “in fact” is set off with commas, or whether he is stating a fact that actually took place. All this is very contradictory and conditional. And it would be okay if there was only one author. What if there is another editor who sees the text a little differently. In any case, here are some examples:

• “Vanya actually drank a liter of milk.”
• “I actually already packed my things and came to say goodbye.”

Mentally replace “actually” in the second sentence with “actually”, and nothing will collapse.

The only problem is that there is also a double interpretation possible here. After all, the nameless hero really packed his things. Therefore, whatever one may say, it is worth recognizing the wisdom of the authors of fiction who answer negatively to the question: “Is ‘really’ separated by commas?”

You can eliminate the structure and forget about it

The easiest way to save yourself from suffering is to remove the introductory phrase from the phrase, even if it is not one. In many sentences where there is an object of study, the latter, of course, adds some colors, shades of meaning, but they can be neglected in order to save oneself from linguistic torture.

For example:

• “The color of the car was actually blue.”
• "Lena could actually play Chopin."

To be honest, in the second sentence I still want to remove the commas, and this, in turn, proves the correctness of our previous thought: in such constructions “in fact” can be removed without any embarrassment or damage to the meaning.

Another way is to strive for greater clarity

Respecting language practice, you need to write sentences so that they are not ambiguous. In other words, you can get rid of introductory words, even if they are not at all introductory. In the two examples above, nothing will change if we remove “in fact”, and the commas will have absolutely nothing to do with it - how wonderful that is!

If you really can’t get away from the object of research, then you can use it safely. Moreover, tradition does not insist on highlighting it, for example, in the following sentences:

• “No, Seryoga, you’re not telling everything like that, in fact, everything was like this.”
• "I didn't get a '4', in fact I got a '5'."

Here, there is no question whether a comma is placed after “actually” or not. Everything is really obvious. And when there is no opposition between two points of view, then it can be interpreted either way.

Synonyms are salvation

The correct remedy is to replace it with a synonym, or rather, with a semantic analogue. Moreover, this should not be a replacement of one for another, sewing for soap. The sentence must be shifted towards either the introductory combination or that element of the sentence that does not need to be isolated.

But, when you no longer have the strength to choose and are tormented by the question of whether “in fact” is highlighted by commas or not, you can resort to replacements and thereby put an end to the torment. Replacement options:

• in reality (usually does not require commas, but the author can do anything);
• practically (does not need isolation);
• actually (similar to the previous one);
• turns out (may or may not stand out, depending on the context);
• indeed (similar to the previous one).

In other words, if you can painlessly replace the object of study with the words that occupied the first three positions in the list, then commas are not needed.

Author, editor, reader

The topic is complex and dual. And in fact, nothing definite can be said about it, because the will of the author decides a lot here. The reader as an addressee will accept any author's position. If he is educated enough, he will find an explanation for why in one place or another “actually” is separated by commas or, conversely, not separated. In this sense, the reader is more tolerant than the editor.

The editor, on the other hand, may have a different opinion about the text that is in front of him. In the end, what matters is who is the final authority for whom it is written.

The Russian language is so complex that almost any difficult rule has several exceptions, so you cannot choose just one way of writing. When a person is completely exhausted and cannot understand whether a comma is needed after “in fact” or not, then let him turn to the word “it turns out.” The truth here is that we need to look at the context. For example, three sentences:

• “I call him and call him, but it turns out he’s sleeping.”
• “I knock and knock on him, but he doesn’t really hear.”
• “He ends up where he always dreamed.”

The first two cases express the attitude of the speaker, and in the third “in fact” cannot in any way replace “it turns out”, because the meaning of the sentence will “float”.

But the good news is that, we keep repeating, tradition insists on the absence. Therefore, the final answer to the main question is this: commas are not needed.

1. Introductory words and phrases are not members of the proposal. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.): Unfortunately, he didn't have watercolors.

The same function can be performed by introductory sentences:

Me, dare I say, fell in love in the house- the structure is a definite personal one-part sentence;

In life, do you know, there is always room for exploits— the structure is a two-part sentence;

We, if you want to know , they came to demand- according to the structure, a conditional one-part clause.

In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences are usually separated by commas.

2. Classifications of introductory words by meaning

3. According to their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to different parts of speech and different grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions:

without a doubt, to joy, fortunately and etc.;

adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree:

right, guilty, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least;

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions:

besides, in addition, meanwhile;

adverbs in the positive or comparative degree:

indisputably, of course, probably, in short, or rather;

verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood:

I think, do you believe it, they seemed to say, imagine, have mercy;

infinitive or combination with an infinitive:

see, know, admit, funny to say;

combinations with gerunds:

to tell the truth, in short, to put it roughly;

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.:

as far as I can remember, I often think;

• Impersonal offers:

  she imagined, we all remember well;

• vaguely personal proposals.

  that’s how they thought about him, how they usually talked about him.

4. NIt is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.

Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words (hence, not members of the sentence), or as members of the sentence. For example:

This Truth . — Is it true sometimes it's not much fun wandering down country roads.

During the summer he Maybe to become attached to this weak, verbose creature, to get carried away, to fall in love. — You, Maybe, they thought that I was asking you for money!

Listen, we right went? —We, right, we'll get along if we sit next to each other.

In order not to make a mistake, you should remember What:

a) a question can be posed to a member of the sentence;

b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;

c) introductory words can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence;

d) in a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and sentence members is the possibility of adding a word speaking.

By the way, he never came(“by the way”); You really shouldn't have come("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful("in short"); To be honest, I don’t want to go back to what was said.("in truth").

Words are never introductory or separated by commas: as if, as if, hardly, barely, supposedly, almost, even, exactly, after all, only, certainly, just, after all, necessarily, suddenly.

5. Determination of syntactic function and punctuation marks for some words.

1) Word Maybe is introductory in the sense of “probably, apparently”: The sisters are probably already asleep.

Word Maybe is a member of a sentence in the meaning “undoubtedly, definitely”: If I know(How?) Maybe that I have to die, then I’ll tell you everything, everything!

2) Word finally is introductory:

• if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and also”) completes the enumeration: Opekushin came from the common people, first a self-taught person, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician. I say often finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand , in relation to which the word finally is the end of the enumeration;

if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker’s face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something: Yes, finally leave!

Word finally is not introductory and serves as a circumstance in the meaning “at the end”, “finally”, “after all”, “as a result of everything”: Gave three balls every year and finally squandered it. In this sense, by the way finally usually a particle can be added -That(with an introductory word such an addition is impossible): Finally got to the station(Finally we got to the station). — You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -That impossible).

3) Combination differentiation in the end as an introductory and as a member of a sentence - the circumstances are similar in terms of the word finally: After all, in the end, we haven’t decided anything yet! (in the end denotes not time, but the conclusion to which the speaker came as a result of a series of reasoning). — In the end agreement was reached(meaning of the circumstance “as a result of everything”).

4) Word however is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence: The heat and fatigue took their toll, however.;How cleverly I did it, however.

At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative conjunction (it can be replaced by a conjunction But), so the comma is placed only before this word: However, it is advisable to know— By what witchcraft did a man gain such power over the entire neighborhood?

In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation): However, what a wind!

5) Word Certainly usually separated by commas as an introduction: Fedor was still working in the rear, of course, he heard and read many times about “folk heroes”.

But sometimes the word Certainly, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated: Of course it's true!; Of course it is.

6) Word really is introductory in the sense of “yes, so, right, exactly” (usually it takes the position at the beginning of the sentence): Indeed, from the battery there was a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops.

As an adverb really has the meaning “indeed, truly, in fact” (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate): I really just like you say.

7) Word at all is introductory if it is used in the sense of “generally speaking”: In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; In general, I would like to know what really happened.

In other cases the word at all used as an adverb in different meanings:

• in the meaning of “in general”, “on the whole”: Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian enlightenment at all ;
• in the meaning “always”, “at all”, “under all conditions”: He lights fires at all forbade it, it was dangerous;
• in the meaning “in all respects”, “in relation to everything”: He at all looked weird.

This provision also applies to the form All in all : In general, there is nothing to be sad about(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). — These are the terms generally simple process(meaning “in the end”); I made a few comments regarding various little things, but All in all praised him very much(meaning “as a result”).

8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative meaning: Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and performed for a reason; This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).

In the meaning “under any circumstances” this combination is not introductory: You anyway you will be informed about the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll see him at my mom's today.

9) Combination in its turn is not separated by commas if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning “in response”, “for our part”: He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited workers to a meeting of the theater’s artistic council.

In a figurative sense, the combination in its turn takes on the meaning of introduction and is punctuated: Among newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in turn, the essay, feuilleton, and pamphlet stand out.

10) Combination Indeed in the meaning of “really” is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory: You Indeed nothing to do with it("really"). — That he is, in fact, pretending to be a smart guy!

11) In particular , indicating the relationship between the parts of the statement, is highlighted on both sides with commas: He is interested, in particular, in the origin of individual words.

But if in particular is part of the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), then it is separated by commas along with this construction: Many will willingly take on this work, and in particular me; Many people will be willing to take on this work, and I in particular.

If in particular included in the design in general and in particular , then this construction is not separated by commas: Over tea the conversation turned to housekeeping in general and in particular about gardening.

12) Combination mainly is introductory if it serves to highlight a fact in order to express its assessment: There was a wide alley, and mainly the public was walking along it.(it is impossible to form the combination “mainly for a walk”, so in this example the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material (mainly meaning “the most important thing”).

Combination mainly, which is part of the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), is separated by commas along with it: With fifty people mostly officers, crowded nearby.

Combination mainly is not introductory in the meaning of “first of all”, “most of all”: He achieved success mainly due to his hard work; What I like about him mainly is his sincerity.

13) Word The main thing is introductory in the sense of “especially important”, “especially significant”: You can take any topic for the story, but the main thing is that it is interesting; Details can be omitted, but most importantly— to make it entertaining(comma after conjunction A cannot be placed, and to enhance punctuation, a dash is placed after the introductory combination).

14) Word Means is introductory if it can be replaced with introductory words therefore, it became :People are born, get married, die; that means it’s necessary, that means it’s good; So, does that mean you can't come today?

If the word Means close in meaning to “means”, then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:

• in the position between subject and predicate Means serves as a means of connecting the main members of a sentence; a dash is placed before it, and no sign is placed after it: Fight— means to win;
• if the word means is located between a subordinate and main clause or between parts of a non-union complex sentence, then it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

  If he defends his views so stubbornly, it means he feels he is right; If you didn’t save the child, then you have yourself to blame;

• in other cases Means is not separated or highlighted by any signs: When you ask for forgiveness, it means that you feel guilty.

15) Word vice versa meaning “in contrast to what is said or expected; on the contrary” is introductory and is separated by commas: Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the box and desperately twirled his whip over his head..

If vice versa(after union And) is used as a word replacing a member of a sentence or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:

• when a member of a sentence is replaced, then before the conjunction And no sign is placed: In the picture, light tones turn into dark and vice versa(i.e. dark to light);
• When and vice versa joins a whole sentence, then a comma is placed before the conjunction: The closer the light source, the brighter the light it emits, and vice versa(the whole sentence is replaced: The further away the light source is, the less bright the light it emits; a kind of compound sentence is formed);
• When and vice versa is added to a subordinate clause, a comma before the conjunction And not put: This also explains why what was considered criminal in the ancient world is considered legal in the new and vice versa(similar subordinate clauses with a non-repeating conjunction are formed And: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).

16) Combination at least is introductory if it has an evaluative-restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed: One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akakiy Akakievich with good advice; Vera Efimovna advised us to try to transfer her to a political position or, at least, to work as a nurse in a hospital.

If the introductory combination at least stands at the beginning of a separate phrase, then it is highlighted with commas along with it: Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock!

Combination at least is not separated by commas if it has the meaning “no less than”, “at least”: From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco; At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army.

17) A turnover including a combination from point of view , separated by commas if it means “in opinion”: Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, successful.

If such a combination has the meaning “in relation”, then the rotation is not separated by commas: I know that a crime has been committed, if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; From the point of view of novelty, the book deserves attention.

18) Word approximately is introductory in the sense of “for example” and is not introductory in the sense of “approximately”: I'm trying to think about her("For example"), not to think— no way possible. — We are approximately("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they conducted a conversation.

19) Word For example associated with the following punctuation (always introductory):

• separated by commas as introductory: Nikolai Artemyevich liked to persistently argue, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe during his entire life;
• stands out together with the revolution, at the beginning or end of which there is: Even in cities for example in Moscow, when the shallow Moscow River begins to move, all its banks and bridges are strewn with people; Others have dealt with this problem, myself for example;
• requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members: Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.
  

Exercise for the topic “Distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions”

Exercise: consider pairs of proposals; prove that in some cases the highlighted words and constructions are introductory, and in others they are not; fill in the missing punctuation marks.

1. Understanding the enormity of his talent, Mayakovsky, however, always strived to be in the “storm of life.” — Some of the poet’s forecasts seem naive now, but they do not lose their charm.

2. Tsvetaeva never tried to hide from life; on the contrary, she wanted to live with people. — The gymnasium where I studied was located opposite the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.

3. By the way, he’s easy to remember. “He didn’t know how to bow at the right time or bother in time.”

4. In the thin twilight of the summer night, her face seemed paler and younger. — The small pink clouds did not seem to float by, but went into the very depths of the sky.

5. They say they give you points. — At the next table they are talking about gold.

6. And if this is not there, then it means there is nothing. - Remembering what this means, Kashtanka jumped onto a chair.

7. Now he has no one to exchange a word with. “My uncle replaced my father, raised me at his own expense, and with his words did for me what my own father would not always do.

8. No, friends, it can be a hundred times worse, I know that for sure. “Potugin definitely loved and knew how to speak.”

9. It happens like this, but it happens the other way around. “Instead of slowing down, he stood on the box and desperately twirled his whip.

10. The time will come when everything will change your way, they will live your way, and then you will become obsolete, and people will appear who will be better than you. - In your opinion, I can’t even dream of happiness! But if I'm happy!

11. From the first glance at his face, it was obvious that he did not have a permanent occupation. — The path along which we were traveling was rocky, wet and obviously was the bed of a dried-up river.

12. Balyasnikov made a daring speech, in which, among other things, he said that I was arrogant. - Moral women, strict judges and, by the way, Nil Andreevich loudly condemned her...

13. It is also true that until now he has never had the opportunity to go on business. “It’s really disgusting of you,” said Valya, raising her upper lip proudly, “when you came back and didn’t come in.”

14. Apparently they did not expect such a passage from me and did not give any order regarding me. “It was obvious that Pavel’s words made a deep impression on them.

15. Their patterned edges, fluffy and light, like cotton paper, slowly but visibly changed. - Apparently you will have to start by studying these documents.

16. My wound was healing slowly; but actually I didn’t have any bad feelings against my father. - This is the story itself, and its plot is not surprising.

17. At the present moment, conscientious and gifted popularizers are at least as necessary as original thinkers and independent researchers. “I feel that all workers, at least the majority, will take up arms if necessary.

18. On one side there were silent distant mountains, on the other side the noise of the nearby sea. - And on the other hand, Kirsanov played his role with the same impeccable artistry.

19. Energy comes from somewhere, and most importantly you don’t feel tired. “She couldn’t remember her night thoughts, but the main thing remained from them and filled her being with that “something” that was, should be, happiness.

20. Finally the trail was found, and we walked on happily. — Having sat down somewhere on a mound in the steppe, or on a hill above a river, or finally on a well-known cliff, the blind man listened only to the rustle of leaves and the whisper of grass or the vague sighs of the wind.

21. In general, spring has been unusually long and bad. — He made a few comments regarding various little things, but overall he was very complimentary.

22. Perhaps from his point of view he is not stupid. “I know that a crime has been committed if you look at things from the point of view of general morality.”

1. Introductory words and phrases are not members of the proposal. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):

Example: Unfortunately, he didn't have watercolors(Soloukhin).

Introductory sentences can also perform the same function.

For example: I dare say I was loved in the house(Turgenev) - the structure is a definite personal one-part sentence; In life, do you know, there is always room for exploits(M. Gorky) - the structure is a two-part sentence; We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov) - in structure, a conditional one-part clause.

In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.

Classes of introductory words by meaning

2. In terms of their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to different parts of speech and different grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;

Without a doubt, for joy, fortunately and etc.

adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree;

Right, guilty, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;

In addition, besides, meanwhile.

adverbs in the positive or comparative degree;

Undoubtedly, of course, probably, in short, more accurately.

verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood;

I think, believe me, they seemed to say, imagine, have mercy.

infinitive or combination with an infinitive;

See, know, admit, funny to say.

combinations with participles;

To tell the truth, in short, to put it roughly.

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.;

For as long as I can remember, I often think.

• impersonal offers;

  It seemed to her that we all remember it well.

• vaguely personal proposals.

  This is how they thought about him, how they usually talked about him.

That is why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.

Note!

Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words (hence, not members of the sentence), or as members of the sentence. In order not to make a mistake, you should remember that:

A) you can ask a question to a member of a sentence;

b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;

V) the introductory word can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.

Compare the sentences given in pairs:

This is true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes... it’s not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).

During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, talkative creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You may have thought that I was asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).

Listen, we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we’ll probably get along if we sit next to each other(Krylov).

In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and sentence members is the possibility of adding the word speaking.

By the way, he never came(“by the way”); You really shouldn't have come("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful("in short"); To be honest, I don’t want to go back to what was said.("in truth").

When determining syntactic function and placing punctuation marks, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.

1) The word probably is introductory in the sense of “probably, apparently”:

The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).

The word probably is a member of a sentence in the meaning “undoubtedly, definitely”:

If I know(How?) Maybe that I have to die, then I’ll tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).

2) The word is finally introductory:

if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and also”) completes the enumeration:

Opekushin came from the common people, first a self-taught person, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).

Often a word is finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word finally ends the enumeration;

if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker’s face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:

Yes, finally leave!(Chekhov).

Note!

The word finally is not introductory and serves as a circumstantial meaning “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.

Gave three balls every year and squandered it finally (Pushkin).

In this meaning, finally, the particle - can usually be added to the word (with an introductory word such an addition is impossible).

Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -That impossible).

3) The distinction between the combination finally as an introductory one and as a member of a sentence is a circumstance similar in terms to the word finally.

Wed: After all, in the end, we haven’t decided anything yet! (in the end denotes not time, but the conclusion to which the speaker came as a result of a series of reasoning). - In the end agreement was reached(meaning of the circumstance “as a result of everything”).

4) The word, however, is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:

The heat and fatigue took their toll, however.(Turgenev); How cleverly I did it, however(Chekhov).

At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative conjunction (it can be replaced by the conjunction but), therefore a comma is placed only before this word:

However, it is desirable to know - by what witchcraft did the man gain such power over the entire neighborhood?(Nekrasov).

Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).

5) The word of course is usually separated by commas as an introductory word:

Fedor was still working in the rear, of course, he heard and read many times about “folk heroes”(Furmanov).

But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated:

Of course it's true!; Of course it is.

6) The word is indeed introductory in the sense of “yes, so, right, exactly” (usually it occupies a position at the beginning of a sentence):

Indeed, from the battery there was a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops(L. Tolstoy).

As an adverb, it really means “really, truly, in fact” (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate):

I really just like you say(Dostoevsky).

7) A word in general is introductory if it is used in the meaning “generally speaking”:

In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; In general, I would like to know what really happened.

In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:

• in the meaning of “in general”, “on the whole”:

  Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian enlightenment at all (Goncharov);

• in the meaning “always”, “at all”, “under all conditions”:

  He lights fires at all forbade it, it was dangerous(Kazakevich);

• in the meaning “in all respects”, “in relation to everything”:

  He at all looked like a weirdo(Turgenev).

  This provision also applies to the form in general.

  Wed: In general, there is nothing to be sad about(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally simple process(meaning “in the end”); I made a few comments regarding various little things, but All in all praised him very much(Garshin) (meaning “as a result”).

8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative meaning:

Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and performed for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).

In the meaning “under any circumstances” this combination is not introductory:

You anyway you will be informed about the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll see him at my mom's today(Dostoevsky).

9) The combination, in turn, is not distinguished as occupied if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning “in response”, “for its part”:

He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited workers to a meeting of the theater’s artistic council.

In a figurative meaning, the combination, in turn, takes on the meaning of introduction and is punctuated:

Among newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in turn, the essay, feuilleton, and pamphlet stand out.

10) The combination in fact meaning “really” is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.

11) In particular, indicating the relationship between the parts of the statement, it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

He is interested, in particular, in the origin of individual words.

But if in particular it is part of a connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), then it is allocated as occupied along with this structure:

Many will willingly take on this work, and in particular me; Many people will be willing to take on this work, and I in particular.

If in particular included in the design in general and in particular, then this construction is not separated by commas:

Over tea the conversation turned to housekeeping in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

12) The combination is mainly introductory if it serves to highlight a fact in order to express its assessment.

For example: There was a wide alley... and along it, mainly, the public was walking(Gorky) (it is impossible to form the combination “mainly for a walk”, so in this example the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material (mainly meaning “the most important thing”). The combination mainly included in the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end) is separated by commas along with it, for example: With fifty people mostly officers, crowded nearby(Pavlenko).

The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of “first of all”, “most of all”:

He achieved success mainly due to his hard work; What I like about him mainly is his sincerity.

13) The word main is introductory in the meaning of “especially important”, “especially significant”:

You can take any topic for the story, but the main thing is that it is interesting; Details can be omitted, but the main thing is to make it entertaining(a comma cannot be placed after the conjunction a, and to enhance punctuation, a dash is placed after the introductory combination).

14) A word means is introductory if it can be replaced with introductory words therefore, it became:

People are born, get married, die; that means it’s necessary, that means it’s good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So, does that mean you can't come today?

If the word means is close in meaning to “means,” then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:

in the position between the subject and the predicate, it means that it serves as a means of connecting the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed before it, and no sign is placed after it:

To fight is to win;

in other cases it means that it is not separated or highlighted by any signs:

if the word means is located between a subordinate and main clause or between parts of a non-union complex sentence, then it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

If he defends his views so stubbornly, it means he feels he is right; If you didn’t save the child, then you have yourself to blame.

15) The word is the opposite meaning “in contrast to what is said or expected; on the contrary” is introductory and is separated by commas:

Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the box and desperately twirled his whip over his head.(Kataev).

If, on the contrary (after the conjunction and) is used as a word replacing a member of a sentence or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:

when a member of a sentence is replaced, no sign is placed before the conjunction:

In the picture, light tones turn into dark and vice versa(i.e. dark to light);

when, on the contrary, it is added to a whole sentence, a comma is placed before the conjunction:

The closer the light source, the brighter the light it emits, and vice versa(the whole sentence is replaced: The further away the light source is, the less bright the light it emits; a kind of compound sentence is formed);

when, and vice versa, it is attached to a subordinate clause, a comma is not placed before the conjunction:

This also explains why what was considered criminal in the ancient world is considered legal in the new and vice versa(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses with a non-repeating conjunction are formed And: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).

16) The combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative-restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed:

One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akakiy Akakievich with good advice(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised us to try to transfer her to a political position or, at least, to work as a nurse in a hospital(L. Tolstoy).

If the introductory combination is at least at the beginning of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas along with it:

Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).

The combination is at least not separated by commas if it means “no less than”, “at least”:

From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).

17) The phrase including the combination from the point of view is separated by commas if it means “in opinion”:

Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, successful.

If such a combination has the meaning “in relation”, then the rotation is not separated by commas:

I know that a crime has been committed, if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; From the point of view of novelty, the book deserves attention.

18) The word approximately is introductory in the sense of “for example” and is not introductory in the sense of “approximately”.

Wed: I'm trying to think about her("For example"), not thinking is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are approximately("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they conducted a conversation(Furmanov).

19) The word is for example associated with the following punctuation:

• separated by commas as introductory:

  Nikolai Artemyevich liked to persistently argue, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe during his entire life(Turgenev);

• stands out together with the revolution, at the beginning or end of which there is:

requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:

Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.

Note!

Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:

as if, as if, hardly, barely, supposedly, almost, even, precisely, after all, only, certainly, just, after all, necessarily, suddenly.

3. General rules for placing punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.

1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:

I admit, he didn't make a good impression on me(Turgenev); Yes, you probably saw her at that evening(Turgenev).

2) If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it:

Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all types of printed materials lay on his desk in complete disarray.

If the sentence is complex, then a comma is placed before the dash based on the general rule for separating parts of a complex sentence:

The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, the dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).

3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:

What good, perhaps, and gets married, out of tenderness of the soul...(Dostoevsky); So, in your opinion Should everyone, without exception, engage in physical labor?(Chekhov).

Intensifying particles in introductory words are not separated from them by a comma:

This is probably true, since there are no contraindications.

4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase (isolation, clarification, explanation, accession), then it is not separated from the phrase by any sign:

The dark, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among my comrades there are such poets, lyrics or what?, preachers of love for people(Bitter).

Introductory words are not separated from a separate phrase, even if they are at the very beginning or the very end of the sentence:

Apparently fearing snow drifts, the group leader canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments, unconvincing and far-fetched of course.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:

The child, apparently frightened by the horse, ran up to his mother.

Note!

It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate phrase, and cases when it is located between two members of the sentence.

Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate phrase, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical reference book(without the introductory word there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small And technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).

In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when doubt may arise as to which of the homogeneous members, preceding or subsequent, the introductory word located between them refers to, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.

This information was gleaned from new, seems special for thiscase compiled, directory(without an introductory word, there would be a comma between homogeneous definitions); Silence and grace reigned in this, obviously forgotten by God and people, corner of the earth(clarifying definition for the demonstrative pronoun this).

If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:

Both messages (apparently recently received) have attracted widespread attention.

5) If there is a coordinating conjunction before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be like this. Introductory words are separated from the preceding coordinating conjunction by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged elsewhere in the sentence without disturbing its structure (as a rule, with conjunctions and, but). If the removal or rearrangement of the introductory word is impossible, then a comma is not placed after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction a).

Wed: The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will probably go on sale in a few days (The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This issue has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made (This issue has already been considered several times, but a final decision has not yet been made.); It is not coal that can be used here, but rather liquid fuel (It is not coal that can be used here, but liquid fuel). - The calculations were made hastily and therefore inaccurately(impossible: The calculations were made hastily and inaccurately); Maybe everything will end well, or maybe vice versa(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, but vice versa).

Note!

A homogeneous member of a sentence that comes after introductory words and therefore, and therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it.

For example: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of incoming signals, and therefore the strength of reception, increases many times; This scheme, and therefore the entire project as a whole, needs to be verified.

6) After an connecting conjunction (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not placed, since the conjunction is closely adjacent to the introductory word that follows it:

And imagine, he still staged this performance; And I dare to assure you, the performance turned out wonderful; And what do you think, he achieved his goal; But one way or another, the decision was made.

Less often (when intonationally emphasizing introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text through a subordinating conjunction), after the connecting conjunction, a comma is placed before the introductory construction:

But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).

7) Introductory words standing before the comparative phrase (with the conjunction as), the target phrase (with the conjunction so), etc., are separated from them based on the general rule:

All this seemed strange to me, as did others; The son thought for a minute, probably to collect his thoughts(usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).

8) Instead of a comma, a dash can be used in introductory words, phrases and sentences.

A dash is used in the following cases:

if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (a word is missing that is restored from the context), then a dash is usually placed instead of one comma:

Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself.(Gogol) (the comma before the subordinate clause is absorbed by the dash);

a dash is placed before the introductory word as an additional sign after the comma if the introductory word stands between two parts of a complex sentence and in meaning can be attributed to either the preceding or the following part:

The dog disappeared - probably someone chased it out of the yard(the dash emphasizes that it is not “the dog probably disappeared”, but that “the dog was probably driven away”).

Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes cause-and-effect or connecting relationships between parts of a sentence:

It was difficult to verify his words - obviously, circumstances had changed a lot.

Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word at the beginning of a separate phrase, and a comma after it to avoid possible ambiguity:

Since there is still time, we will call someone additional to the exam - for example, those taking it again (let's say in the meaning of “suppose”, “say”);

a dash is placed before the introductory word after a comma if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:

Chichikov asked with extreme precision who the city's governor was, who the chairman of the chamber was, who the prosecutor was - in a word, he did not miss a single significant person(Gogol);

using a dash, introductory sentences can be highlighted if they are quite common (have secondary members):

Suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it wasn't easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy leave, or - as they say in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him get away is a major nuisance for the scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).