Artistic features of A. Tvardovsky’s poetry

Lessons 81-82
Life and work of Alexander Trifonovich
Tvardovsky. The originality of the lyrics

Goals : consider the features of the lyrics of the greatest epic poet of the twentieth century, noting the sincerity of the poet’s confessional intonation; study traditions and innovation in Tvardovsky’s poetry; develop skills in analyzing poetic text.

Progress of lessons

It is impossible to understand and appreciate Tvardovsky’s poetry without feeling the extent to which all of it, to its very depths, is lyrical. And at the same time, she is widely, wide open to the world around her and to everything that this world is rich in - feelings, thoughts, nature, everyday life, politics.

S. Ya. Marshak. For the sake of life on earth. 1961

Tvardovsky, as a person and an artist, never forgot about his fellow citizens... he was never a poet only “for himself” and “to himself”, he always felt his debt to them; he took up the pen only if he believed that he could say the most important thing about life, what he knew better, more thoroughly and more reliably than anyone else.

V. Dementyev. Alexander Tvardovsky. 1976

And I'm only mortal. I am responsible for my own,

During my lifetime I worry about one thing:

About what I know better than anyone in the world,

I want to say. And the way I want.

A. T. Tvardovsky

I. Biographical origins of Tvardovsky’s creativity.

Being a reader of poetry is a rather subtle and aesthetically delicate matter: the direct meaning of a poetic statement does not lie on the surface, it most often consists of the totality of its constituent artistic elements: words, figurative associations, musical sound.

Tvardovsky’s poems reflect what determined the content of his spiritual life, “the measure of personality,” as the poet himself said. His lyrics require concentration, thought, and an emotional response to the poetic feelings expressed in the poem.

– What do you know about the life and work of Alexander Tvardovsky?

It is possible for a prepared student to report on the topic “The main stages of the life and work of A. T. Tvardovsky.”

II. The main themes and ideas of Tvardovsky's lyrics.

1. After listening to the lecture, write it down as an outline., listing the main themes and ideas of the poet’s lyrics.

Among the poets of the twentieth century, A. T. Tvardovsky occupies a special place. His lyrics attract not only figurative precision and mastery of words, but also the breadth of topics, the importance and enduring relevance of the issues raised.

A large place in the lyrics, especially in the early ones, is occupied by the “small homeland,” the native Smolensk land. According to Tvardovsky, the presence of “a small, separate and personal homeland is of great importance.” “All the best that is in me is connected with my native Zagorye. Moreover, this is me as a person. This connection is always dear to me and even painful.”

In the poet’s works, memories of childhood and youth often arise: the forest side of Smolensk, the farmstead and village of Zagorye, conversations of peasants at their father’s forge. This is where poetic ideas about Russia came from; here, from my father’s reading, the lines of Pushkin, Lermontov, and Tolstoy were memorized. I started composing myself. He was captivated by “the songs and fairy tales that he heard from his grandfather.” At the beginning of the poetic path, M. Isakovsky, who worked in the regional newspaper “Rabochiy Put”, provided assistance - he published and advised.

The early poems “Harvest”, “Haymaking”, “Spring Lines” and the first collections - “Road” (1938), “Rural Chronicle” (1939), “Zagorye” (1941) are associated with the life of the village. The poems are rich in signs of the times, generously filled with specific sketches of the life and everyday life of peasants. This is a kind of painting with words. Poems are most often narrative, plot-based, with conversational intonation. Whose poetic traditions does this remind us of (remember the features of Nekrasov’s poetry)?

The author succeeds in creating colorful peasant types (“the hunchbacked peasant,” “Willow”), genre scenes, and humorous situations. The most famous is “Lenin and the Stove Maker” - a story in verse. The early poems are full of youthful enthusiasm and joy of life.

Pillars, villages, crossroads,

Bread, alder bushes,

Planting the current birch tree,

Cool new bridges.

The fields run in a wide circle,

The wires sing lingeringly,

And the wind rushes against the glass with effort,

Thick and strong, like water.

In the war and post-war collections “Poems from a Notebook” (1946), “Post-War Poems” (1952), the main place is occupied by the patriotic theme - in the most important and highest meaning of the word: military everyday life, long-awaited victory, love for the motherland, memory of the experience , memory of the dead, the theme of immortality, anti-militaristic appeal - this is a modestly outlined range of problems. The poems are varied in form: they include sketches from life, confessional monologues, and solemn hymns:

Stop, show off in the lightning

And the lights of celebration,

Dear mother, capital,

Fortress of Peace, Moscow!

The theme of war is one of the central ones in Tvardovsky’s work. Those who died in the war did everything to liberate their homeland (“Having given everything, they left / Nothing with them”), therefore they were given the “bitter”, “formidable right” to bequeath to those who remained to cherish the past in memory, to complete the long journey in Berlin and never forget , at what cost the long-awaited victory was won, how many lives were given, how many destinies were destroyed.

A. T. Tvardovsky writes about the great brotherhood of soldiers, born during the years of trials. The magnificent image of Vasily Terkin accompanied the soldiers on the front roads. The thought of the need to “be happy” for all those brother-warriors who survived this war sounds life-affirming.

We can say that the memory of the war lives in one way or another in every post-war poem. She became part of his worldview.

The student reads by heart.

I know it's not my fault

The fact that others did not come from the war,

The fact that they - some older, some younger -

We stayed there, and it’s not about the same thing,

That I could, but failed to save them, -

This is not about that, but still, still, still...

– What gave the literary critic the right to say that the memory of the war in the poem “I know, it’s not my fault...” “comes out with a huge, piercing force of pain, suffering and even some kind of own guilt before those who remained forever on the distant shore of death "? Please note that in the poem itself there is no high vocabulary, and there is no “distant shore of death” that the researcher writes about.

In his works about the war, A. T. Tvardovsky pays tribute to the lot of widows and mothers of dead soldiers:

Here is the mother of one who fell in battle with the enemy

For life, for us. Take off your hats, people.

In the late work of A. T. Tvardovsky one can see a whole range of themes that are usually called “philosophical”: reflections on the meaning of human existence, old age and youth, life and death, the change of human generations and the joy of living, loving, working. Much in a person’s heart, in his soul, is implanted in childhood, in his native land. One of the poems dedicated to the homeland begins with a word of gratitude:

Thank you, my dear

Earth, my father's home,

For everything I know about life,

What I carry in my heart.

Tvardovsky is a subtle lyrical landscape painter. Nature in his poems appears at the time of awakening of life, in movement, in bright, memorable images.

The student recites by heart:

And, sleepy, melting, And with the wind, tender green

The earth will barely wither, Alder pollen,

Threading through old foliage, brought from childhood,

He'll go cut the grass. Like a shadow, it touches your face.

And the heart will feel again,

That the freshness of any pore

Not only was it, but it disappeared,

And it is and will be with you.

“The snow will darken blue”, 1955

– “The sweetness of a hard-won life,” light and warmth, goodness and “bitter unkindness” are perceived by the poet as enduring values ​​of existence, filling every hour lived with meaning and significance. Inspired work gives a person, according to Tvardovsky, a sense of dignity and awareness of his place on earth. Many lines are devoted to the work of writers: friends and enemies, human virtues and vices, revealed in a difficult time of historical timelessness. As a truly Russian poet, Tvardovsky dreams of free creativity, independent of politicians, cowardly editors, and double-minded critics.

...I am responsible for my own,

During my lifetime I worry about one thing;

About what I know better than anyone in the world,

I want to say. And the way I want.

The poet emphasized his unity with all people:

It’s just that everything that is dear to me is the same to people,

I sing everything that is dear to me.

This is how A. T. Tvardovsky remained until the last, “control” hour of his life.

2. Read the article“Lyrics” in the textbook (pp. 258–260), supplement your plan with material.

3. Check and discussion the resulting lecture plans.

III. Practical work.

Analysis of the poem“I was killed near Rzhev.” (The class is divided into groups in advance. Questions are pre-assigned.)

Task cards

1. “Those who spent several years at the front and survived physically and morally keep in their souls not only the memory of the dangers, bitter losses and hardships that war brings with it. He also remembers something else: an intense feeling of a clearly realized goal, front-line friendship, comradely unity, that unity of feelings, which later, in peaceful life, he even somehow lacked at first.”

S. Ya. Marshak. "For the sake of life on earth." 1961

– How did the poem “I was killed near Rzhev” reflect the “bitter losses and hardships” of the war, “comradely unity”, “unity of feelings” that the poet kept in his soul, who knew “the depth of the national historical disaster and the national historical feat”?

2. Already in the notes “From the Karelian Isthmus” the motives that determined the unique originality of Tvardovsky’s poetic works about the Great Patriotic War are indicated: “My heart sank at the sight of my dead. Moreover, it is especially sad and painful when a fighter lies alone under his greatcoat, under some bush, in the snow. Somewhere else letters are coming to him at the field post office, but he lies there. Part of him has already gone far, and he lies there. There are already other heroes, other dead, and they lie, and he lies, but they remember him less often.”

Compare the page of the poet’s front-line prose with the poem “I was killed near Rzhev.” What unites an old diary entry and a work of poetry?

3. “The monologue of the fallen warrior “I was killed near Rzhev” created by Tvardovsky is a word incandescent with passionate poetic pathos on behalf of the “dead, voiceless” - evidence of the enormous wealth of the poet’s lyrical “I”, his spiritual breadth, humanity, and his inherent ability to be “ the feeling of his people" (Gorky), the exponent of their experiences and thoughts."

L.K. Shvetsova. "A. T. Tvardovsky." 1971

In a truly artistic work, form and content are interdependent. As if emphasizing this idea, A. Tvardovsky writes: “The form of the first person in “I was killed near Rzhev” seemed to me most consistent with the idea of ​​​​the unity of the living and the fallen “for the sake of life on earth.” (About the poem “I was killed near Rzhev”, 1969.)

– Why in the monologue of the fallen warrior “I” is organically intertwined with the “we” of the “dead, voiceless”? Look through the text to see what kind of appeals “the dead, the fallen” use when calling on the living. Write down these requests. What does the change in the nature of addresses from the beginning to the end of the poem indicate?

4. The originality of the language of the poem “I was killed near Rzhev” - “in Tvardovsky’s usual relaxed combination... of prosaisms, specific signs of a real, although somewhat generalized soldier’s language... and high poeticism.”

A. V. Makedonov. "The creative path of Tvardovsky." 1981

Confirm this idea of ​​the critic with examples from the literary text.

IV. Summary of lessons.

– How would you now answer the question: “What is unique about Tvardovsky’s lyrics?”

Let this poem become the poet’s testament for you:

To the bitter grievances of one’s own person

Do not invite the participation of good souls.

To live as you live, with your sleepless suffering, -

I picked up the tug - don’t say it’s not strong.

Without deviating from your path,

Without retreating, be yourself.

So manage your destiny,

So that any destiny can find itself in it

And someone's soul was relieved of pain.

Homework.

Continue your independent acquaintance with the lyrics of A. T. Tvardovsky. Prepare a presentation of your favorite poems:

1. What would you depict on the cover of a collection of Tvardovsky’s poems?

2. What works would be included in it? On what basis would you make the selection?

3. Write an introduction to this collection.

The work can be done in a group, resulting in a miniature book of poetry. Then, during the defense of the project in the next lesson, the floor is given to the artist, compiler of the collection, and editor.

One of the significant and at the same time controversial figures in Soviet literature was A. T. Tvardovsky, whose poems and poems are distinguished by their closeness to popular speech and folklore, special individuality and originality. and the Great Patriotic War, the memory of soldiers who died in battles for their homeland - these are, perhaps, the most important aspects of the poet’s work. He witnessed the dispossession, approval and debunking of Stalin's totalitarian system, and took part in the Finnish and Great Patriotic Wars. Rich life experience and reliance on reality make the works of Alexander Trifonovich extremely popular among readers.

Features of the lyrics

When working on his works, Tvardovsky relied on the best folklore traditions and took into account the peculiarities of the Russian character. That is why his poems are simple and understandable to every reader. And the lyrical hero, as a rule, is a native of the people, who initially evokes respect and love from the author. The poet himself believed that the main theme in his work was the topic of memory, which is relevant at all times. In Tvardovsky’s lyrics, it is reflected in reflections on his own family, dispossessed and exiled when the future poet was still very young. For example, in the poem “Brothers” we hear notes of suffering and longing for loved ones with whom he was forced to live in separation. But the theme of memory is especially vividly embodied in Tvardovsky’s lyrics about the war.

Frontline chronicle

Everyone knows that the poet participated in the Finnish campaign of the late 30s. And after the start of the Great Patriotic War, he went to the front as a correspondent, but was always on the front line. The poet fully understood all the difficulties of soldier's life in the field and told his readers about it.

Tvardovsky's military lyrics are diverse. These are also journalistic poems, which are calls to fight against the hated enemy (“To the Soldier of the Southern Front”, “To the Partisans of the Smolensk Region”). And small plot poems, reminiscent of “short stories” about heroic deeds (“The Tankman’s Tale”) or soldier’s life (“The Army Shoemaker”). Finally, poetry-reflections, imbued with pain for the fate of the people and the entire country (“Two Lines”). But the main thing that unites them is the author’s awareness of personal responsibility for preserving the memory of those who gave their lives for the liberation of the Motherland. This thought never left Alexander Trifonovich as a person, and became the main motto of the poet Tvardovsky.

“I was killed near Rzhev”: lyrical hero and main idea

The poem, written a few months after the end of the war, was initially titled “Testament of a Warrior.” This is not accidental, since it is narrated from the perspective of a soldier who died in the battles for Rzhev. The lyrical hero is a generalized image of a warrior-liberator, who, addressing all survivors, notes: “You, brothers, should have resisted...” Thus, even after the death of the Russian soldier, he is worried about the fate of his comrades and the country. And not a single line contains a reproach for the fact that he died while others remained alive. After all, this sacrifice is not in vain.

Such is Tvardovsky’s war lyrics. In the face of enormous adversity, the specific blurs and becomes general. And such opposing values ​​as death and eternal immortality, loss and unforgettable feat, are so intertwined that they turn out to be inseparable from each other.

"Book about a fighter"

The most famous work of A. T. Tvardovsky was the poem “Vasily Terkin,” created during the war. It presents the image of a gallant soldier who, together with the author, walked the entire battle path from 1942 to 1945 and embodied the best qualities of a Russian person. Terkin always finds himself in the center of events, gets into various troubles, but never loses heart, does not lose hope and faith, and finds a way out of the most difficult situations. At the same time, the hero more than once experiences pain and bitterness, and may even cry, Tvardovsky emphasizes.

The verses of the poem also sound either cheerful and lively, or filled with bitterness and an inexpressible sense of loss, as in the chapter “Crossing”: “People are warm, alive / They went to the bottom...” And a red thread running through the entire poem is the theme of memory of those who remained forever lie on the battlefields. Therefore, it is the duty of every person to never forget the great price that the Soviet people paid for a peaceful future.

Poems by A. T. Tvardovsky

Collectivization and dispossession (“Country Ant”), the Great Patriotic War and the heroism of the people (“Vasily Terkin”), the “thaw” under Khrushchev (“Beyond the Distance is the Distance”), debunking the cult of personality and totalitarianism (“By the Right of Memory”) - the main stages of the country's historical development in the 20-60s of the 20th century became part of the fate of Tvardovsky himself and were reflected in his poems. The author recreates the past on the pages of his works to once again remind his contemporaries: each of us is responsible for what happens to the people and the country. This idea was embodied most clearly in his last poem.

"By right of memory"

The work was banned for a long time. Its composition, consisting of 3 parts, introduces the reader to the life of the poet himself, his youthful dreams and hopes. And most importantly, Alexander Trifonovich openly talks about the tragedy that befell the village in the 30s. It was then that his worker father was dispossessed and exiled. Thus, the theme of memory in Tvardovsky’s lyrics partly turns into filial repentance not only before his family, but also before the entire Russian peasantry. Like a sentence, the words sound in the poem addressed to the “leader of the peoples” and the so-called “silent people”: “... they are silently ordered to forget... But it was obvious pain / For those whose life was cut short.” The author recalls people whom he knew personally, which makes the work reliable.

The poem is primarily dedicated to youth and sounds like an eternal reminder that history cannot be divided into segments. That everything in it is interconnected, and the past can repeat itself in the present or future. That is why already in the title of the poem it is stated as the main theme of memory.

In Tvardovsky’s lyrics, therefore, a problem that is relevant at all times takes on great importance: you need to know and love your family and your homeland, and you definitely need to remember what you have experienced. This is the only way to move forward, avoiding repeating the terrible mistakes of the past.

Tvardovsky’s first poems appeared in print in 1925. But everything that the poet wrote before 1929, he himself considered useless and did not later include in his collected works.

In his first collections “Road”, “Zagorye”, “Rural Chronicle”, Tvardovsky writes about the new village, about the people of the village. He addresses the topic of peasant labor and conveys its poetry. In his poems of the 1930s, Tvardovsky creates a generalized image of a man from the people, embodying spiritual beauty and high morality (a cycle of poems about Danil, “Ivushka”, “Your beauty does not age ...”).

Already in the collections of the 1930s, Tvardovsky’s unique poetic style is evident. The basis of his poetry is the traditions of folk poetry: a focus on colloquial language, not complicated by metaphors and poetic figures; the use of apt folk words, proverbs, sayings, the introduction of stable poetic turns of folklore into verse. From folk poetry, some constant motifs entered Tvardovsky’s work, for example, the motif of the road, the House, the hero’s trials on the path to happiness or to the goal. We can also talk about the deeper influence of folk poetry on Tvardovsky’s poetry. This is reflected in those ideological principles that form the basis of the image of the hero and determine his character: traditional peasant values, folk morality, people's attitude towards work. Such qualities determined the true nationality of Tvardovsky’s poetry.

In the poetry of the 1930s, such features as narrative and eventuality developed, which would later lead Tvardovsky to the ballad genre (“Father and Son”, “Ballad of a Comrade”, “Ballad of Renunciation”). During the Great Patriotic War, Tvardovsky’s poetry combines journalistic intensity, lyrical emotionality, and an epic view of events. Poems from the war period are collected in the collections “Retribution” and “Front-line Chronicle”. Tvardovsky's war poetry did not differ thematically from the work of other poets. The main themes are the unconquered Motherland (“To the Partisans of the Smolensk Region”), the high courage and patriotism of the Soviet soldier (“When you walk the path of the columns...”, “Border,” “New Year’s Word”), sacred revenge (“Retribution”).

The theme of war, the memory of those who died for the freedom of the Motherland remains one of the main ones in Tvardovsky’s work in the post-war period (“I was killed near Rzhev ...”).
And among the dead, the voiceless
There is one consolation:
We fell for our homeland,
But she is saved...

Tvardovsky's post-war poems are filled with a philosophical understanding of time. The poet speaks about the meaning of life and creativity (“No, life has not deprived me...”, “Confession”), about the honor of man, about the connection of man with nature (“Conversation with Padun”, “The snow will darken blue...”). By the end of 1960 's Tvardovsky understood and rethought a lot:
...willingly or unwittingly
It happened, it turned out wrong, wrong.

He perceives the history of the Soviet country as a harsh experience that future generations must take into account. He judges himself and his peers from high moral positions, understands that the poet’s duty is to tell the truth, “no matter how bitter it is.” Tvardovsky considers it necessary for every person to do everything to correct mistakes in life. In the poem “My morning hour, the control hour...” the poet is sure that the story can still be turned around:
But the murmur is not yet ineffective
Your distressed soul.
Adding experience to experience,
The time is mine, do your job.

The introduction of Soviet tanks into Czechoslovakia in 1968 was painfully echoed in Tvardovsky’s lyrics. He perceived this act as an attack on freedom, as the collapse of all hopes (“What do you want to blame humanity for…”, “Marx, Engels, Lenin, if only you knew…”).

Tvardovsky feels tragically guilty for what is happening in our country. He lyrically analyzes his own biography, and through it - the biography of the entire generation, rises to a philosophical understanding of “cruel fate”:
I know it's not my fault
The fact that others did not come from the war,
The fact that they - some older, some younger -
We stayed there, and it’s not about the same thing,
That I could, but failed to save them, -
This is not about that, but still, still, still...

The feeling of participation in a common destiny was an integral part of the poet’s thinking in his later lyrics. His poems are a conversation with oneself, alone.

The general themes of late creativity are me and the world, me and the path of life, me and death, me and the people. This is the experience of learning through self-knowledge. In the lyrical cycle “In Memory of Mother,” the poet travels in memories with his mother along the roads of her life and the entire people. The motif of the connection of times organizes the entire cycle and merges with the motif of the House, the origins. Memory is inherent not only to humans, but also to nature. In the poems “How uncomfortable these pine trees are in the park...”, “The lawn in the morning from under the typewriter...”, “Birch”, the memory of nature is a metaphor for the connection of everything in the universe, an expression of unity. The poet acutely feels the end of the personal existence of an individual, the measured duration of life. But the commonality of everything in the world, the fluidity of time make it possible to overcome this finitude, to find continuation in descendants, in the rustling of trees, in the blizzard whirlwind. The tragedy of the inevitable end is enlightened by the consciousness of the futility of life (“We say goodbye to our mothers...”, “The time is soon for reprisals”).

From stating the facts of socialist construction through understanding the people's soul during the war, Tvardovsky came to a philosophical understanding of the life and fate of man and country.

He lacked heresy,
to become a genius.
F. Abramov

Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was born in the Smolensk region in nineteen hundred and ten. On long winter evenings the family loved to read

aloud by Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov, Tolstoy. Interest in literature and familiarity with the classics gave rise to the boy’s desire to write himself. In a thousand

In the year nine hundred and twenty-five, the first poems of the aspiring poet appeared. Since nineteen twenty-eight, Tvardovsky has been working in

Smolensk correspondent, his formation as a poet takes place. It has become characteristic of the poet’s style to speak simply, accessiblely, emotionally and

figuratively. Already in 1931, in Moscow, the publishing house "Young Guard" published the poem "The Path to Socialism", Tvardovsky's first major work.
The years 1929-1933 were the most difficult for the poet. Internal problems of the artist’s own development collided with external ones

circumstances. The fate of his family, dispossessed during one of the typical “excesses,” was difficult. Mental experiences of this period

will result much later in the poem “By Right of Memory” (1966-1969). In the meantime, the young poet defends the “covenant of the early days”, his response to life

The test was the poem "The Country of Ant". It tells about the era of collectivization in the countryside, about the “great turning point”, when, overcoming painful

doubts, the middle peasants went to collective farms.
Whatever Tvardovsky writes about, the poet’s focus is on the image of a simple working man.
During the harsh years of the Great Patriotic War, Tvardovsky’s lyrics are consonant with the poetry of most authors: the military feat of soldiers and the heroism of the rear,

when even children did not stay away from these events. The pinnacle of creativity of this period is the poem "Vasily Terkin" - a unique

monument to the spirit of the Russian man in the war:

Platoon on the right bank
Alive and well in spite of the enemy!
The lieutenant is just asking
Throw some light there.
And after the fire
Let's get up and stretch our legs.
What is there, we will transform it,
We will provide the crossing...

Soon after the war, Tvardovsky wrote a memoir poem, “House by the Road.” This is the poet's excited story, addressed to all living, not

forget the past and its lessons. This poem is about the strength, stamina and endurance of the Russian people, about love that has undergone severe trials, about holiness

and the purity of a soldier’s military duty. In the next poem, “Beyond the Distance, the Distance,” the poet travels not only in space from Moscow to Vladivostok, but also

in time, reflecting on the path traversed by the country and its people, he recalls his troubled youth. Organic connection between past and present

helps to better understand modern times. The poet will say: “Whoever hides the past jealously is unlikely to be in harmony with the future.” The poet notes in recent history

Russia has three stages: collectivization, war, post-war construction. And at each of these stages the muse of “anxiety and shock” with a special poetic

with strength and sincerity she embodied the most important, hidden in the consciousness and feelings of millions of the people.
Tvardovsky’s poems, with their apparent “simplicity and lightness,” require intense attention. The lyrical hero often merges with the image of the author, their

On new buildings these years
The main suffering was in full swing:
The factories rose in the glow,
Cities grew under the sky.
And in the dull distance
Behind that great suffering the village
No matter how much you mutter to yourself,
I couldn't keep up anymore.

Tvardovsky's poetry is a kind of poetic encyclopedia of time, its lyrical, epic, and at times dramatic history. Great

events were reflected in his work in the form of their direct depiction and as separate experiences and reflections.

Dear land, what happened?
What a strange fate:
Not only youth, but also old age -
There, to the city, for bread.
I strove to go there on vacation
Far from grandfather's graves...
Let's say it was a long time ago,
But when were you there yourself?

The originality of Tvardovsky’s path reflected the life of the country and its people during the most dramatic periods of its history.

In the face of bygone eras
You have no right to bend your heart, -
After all, these were paid
We pay the biggest price...

What is already striking in Tvardovsky’s early poems is their complete originality, lack of imitation and literary quality. Poetry of uplift and difficulties

the formation of the state, the spiritual quest and experiences of the individual, the cultural and spiritual growth of the ordinary worker - all this was reflected in

multifaceted poetry of Tvardovsky.

To forget, to forget silently commanded,
They want to drown you in oblivion
Living pain.
And so that the waves
They closed over her.
True story - forget!

The purpose of the lesson:

Epigraph:

A.T. Tvardovsky

Methodical techniques:

During the classes

I. Checking homework

II. Teacher's word

Tvardovsky’s work has always been based on folk tradition; his poems are outwardly simple, democratic, and understandable to the reader. The poet considered his task to be an artistic comprehension of the people's life, the people's soul, therefore the main character of the poet's lyrics is a man from the people.

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"Lesson 4. Lyrics by A.T. Tvardovsky"

Lesson 4. Lyrics by A.T. Tvardovsky

The purpose of the lesson: show the evolution of Tvardovsky’s lyrics, the characteristics of the lyrical hero, the poet’s civic courage.

Epigraph:

“The whole point is in one single covenant...”

A.T. Tvardovsky

Methodical techniques: lecture with elements of conversation, analysis of poems.

During the classes

I. Checking homework

Reading of Tvardovsky’s lyric poems, their brief analysis from the point of view of tradition. We note that Tvardovsky’s favorite poets were Pushkin and Nekrasov. Their influence, especially Nekrasov’s, is obvious. Yesenin's intonations are noticeable (“Rural Morning”, “Tiff”).

II. Teacher's word

Tvardovsky’s work has always been based on folk tradition; his poems are outwardly simple, democratic, and understandable to the reader. The poet considered his task to be an artistic comprehension of the people's life, the people's soul, therefore the main character of the poet's lyrics is a man from the people.

His poems of the 30s, which made up the “Rural Chronicle,” as the poet himself later determined, were dictated by “enthusiastic and boundless faith in collective farms.” But still, “Rural Chronicle” stood out among the works of those years for its respectful attitude towards people, attention and love for them. And in terms of genre, the poems are close to folk tradition. For example, the poem “Your beauty does not age” resembles a majestic song:

Great honor is next to you

In the field the girl becomes young.

Everywhere they praise you for a reason -

Your beauty does not age.

And in the poem “Katerina” there are intonations of lamentation and crying:

Where are you, Katya, leaving us...

The main mood of the poems is optimism, even if we are talking about a funeral service (the poem “Ivushka.”)

Tvardovsky noticed, of course, the numerous sufferings and misfortunes that collectivization brought to the people. Sometimes his works contained completely unidyllic motifs. The poem “Brothers” (1933) ended with the question: “What are you doing, brother? / How are you brother? / Where are you, brother? / On which White Sea Canal?” However, an optimistic tone prevails:

I'm happy.

I'm glad

With the thought of living with your beloved,

What's in my native country

There is my native land.

“Pochinok Station”, 1936

The poems that made up the front-line chronicle (and Tvardovsky participated in both the Finnish and Great Patriotic Wars) are varied in genre. These are journalistic poetic appeals - “The time will come for the heroic people / Sweep the enemy from their native land, And the glory of the first strike is forever yours”), “To the partisans of the Smolensk region” (“Hey, dear, Smolensk, / Village side, / Hey, cheerful people, / Strike! / Our beret! . These poems played a role during the war. But the lyrics of the war years have an enduring significance, gravitating toward intense thought, depth, and laconicism of form. This is the poem “Two Lines” (1943) - a memory of the Finnish “campaign”:

Among the great cruel war,

Why, I can’t imagine, -

I feel sorry for that distant fate

Like dead, alone,

It's like I'm lying there

Frozen, small, killed

In that unknown war,

Forgotten, small, lying.

Tvardovsky in these and subsequent years saw the poet’s purpose in preserving memory, in continuing the common cause for which the lives of soldiers were given, he felt “the eternal obligation of the living to the fallen for the common cause, the impossibility of oblivion, the inescapable feeling of being in them, and them in itself". This became the main motive of his post-war lyrics.

III. Reading and analysis of poems

We read the poem “I am near Rzhev” (it is advisable to have texts on each desk). It was written immediately after the war, in 1945-46, and originally had a different name - “Testament of a Warrior.” However, the first line of the poem became “winged” and became a symbol of tragically and simply cut short lives. Tvardovsky, in the article “On the poem “I was killed near Rzhev,” writes, in particular, about two episodes that he remembers: about a trip to Rzhev, where heavy fighting took place, in the fall of 1942; and about a meeting with a front-line officer who came to Moscow for a day to bury his wife and then return to the front. The impressions of the trip to Rzhev “were from the most depressing and bitter throughout the war to the point of physical pain in the heart.” Such impressions, such meetings formed the basis of this poem.

Who is the lyrical hero of the poem?

(The narration is told on behalf of the deceased warrior, this emphasizes the connection and unity of the fallen and living soldiers. The hero is close to the author with his devotion to the Motherland, faith in victory, and selflessness.)

What is the power of this poem?

(The author, with documentary precision, in the very first stanza indicates the specific place of the hero’s death: near Rzhev, in a nameless swamp, in the location of the fifth company, on the left flank. What happened is described without unnecessary pathos, simply and scary:

I didn't hear the break

I didn't see that flash, -

Right off the cliff into the abyss

And neither the bottom nor the tire.

There is nothing left of the man: “No buttonhole, no stripe / From my tunic” there is no grave - even my mother won’t come to the wake.” But man has not disappeared - he is dissolved in nature:

I am where the blind roots are

Looking for food in the darkness

I am where with a cloud of dust

Rye is growing on the hill;

Where am I the cockcrow

At dawn in the dew;

I - where are your cars

The air is torn on the highway...

He is on the other side of earthly life, but even there he worries, “Is Rzhev finally ours?” He calls on the living:

You should have, brothers,

Stand like a wall

For the dead are a curse

This punishment is terrible.

He is one of those who “Having given everything, they left / Nothing to themselves.” And there is no reproach for those who remained intact: “I bequeath your life, - / What more can I do?” This is how the specific becomes general, the lyrical and the epic, death and immortality, feat and loss are united.)

IV. Teacher's word

The memory of the war did not leave Tvardovsky all his life. In 1966 the lines were written:

I know it's not my fault

The fact is that others did not come back from the war.

The fact that they - some older, some younger -

We stayed there, and it’s not about the same thing,

That I could, but failed to save them, -

That's not what this is about, but still, still, still...

In this thrice repeated “yet” there is the unabated pain of loss, and a feeling of guilt, and responsibility for what the soldiers’ lives were given for.

In the poems of the post-war years one can hear the pride of the victory, and faith in the future, in success in peaceful labor. Even Gagarin’s flight is interpreted by the poet as a link in the entire people’s life and history. In the poem “To the Cosmonaut” (1961), Tvardovsky remembers the pilots of the war years and concludes:

So reflected in your valor

And the valor of those whose priceless day has faded

In the name of your days and the days to come.

In the poems “Novosel” and in the cycle “In Memory of the Mother,” there is a rethinking of the role that collectivization and dispossession played in the fate of the country, which became a tragic turning point in the lives of millions of people. In the poems of the cycle there is a feeling of unfulfilled duty, the motive of internal judgment over oneself. At the end of the 60s, the tragic colors in the lyrics thickened, motives of summing up and farewell were heard. But even here the poet maintains an ironic view: “Get things done and in the same order / Pack your things without panic.”

By critically reviewing his life, his work, the poet has the courage to admit his mistakes, the courage to oppose his “I” to official opinion. In his 1956 poem "To My Critics" he writes:

You strive to teach me everything,

Give some simple advice.

So that I can sing without hearing, without seeing,

Only knowing: what is possible, what is not...

But I can’t help but take into account

What then, after years,

You will give me a lecture:

Where were you, what did you see, poet?

The independence of a creative personality - in the poem “The whole essence is in one single covenant...” - this line became the epigraph to the lesson. This covenant is as follows: “I want to say what I know better than anyone else in the world. And just the way I want." A poetic and civil understanding of the tragic events of the past associated with the period of Stalinism was the poem “By the Right of Memory,” written at the end of his life (1966-1969). It is frankly autobiographical, confessional and sums up the poet’s many years of difficult thoughts. The lines became aphorisms:

Who hide the past jealously,

He is unlikely to be in harmony with the future.

One lie is to our loss,

And only the truth comes to court!

The lyrical hero of Tvardovsky is the flesh of his people, the son of his time. He suffered from all the illnesses of the spirit that plagued Soviet society. But he did not remove his guilt for everything - for simple-minded naivety, for illusions, for hesitations. And in this feeling of guilt, sense of responsibility, the courage and freedom of a person, a citizen, a poet is manifested.

V. Verification work

Homework

Preparation for an essay on the works of A.T. Tvardovsky.